The difficulty in controlling refractory weeds is due to over-reliance on herbicides , the lack of understanding of agronomic practices, spraying techniques and the principle of herbicides. It is mistaken to believe that more water and more drugs are added, resulting in poor efficacy and serious phytotoxicity. Weeds need to control the hazards, not all kills, need agronomic measures, standard plant protection machinery and its practical techniques, the perfect combination of herbicides and their use technology, rational mixing of herbicides, the use of "two down one plus" pesticides Spray new technology to effectively control the hazard. 1. Weeds should talk about controlling hazards Since herbicides have been found to be omnipotent, people have neglected the traditional agronomic measures to effectively control weeds. Without careful study of herbicides and their use techniques, plant protection machinery has poor quality, low standards, and non-standardized techniques. Under the conditions, excessive dependence on herbicides, leading to refractory weeds to harm. To solve the problem of refractory weeds needs to change the concept, farmland weeds are symbiotic with crops, and have made important contributions to maintaining agricultural ecological balance. Weeds are called weeds here, and they are medicinal materials, or cash crops, or feed, or vegetables. There are nearly a thousand species of weeds in the country, and 20 to 30 species of major types of crops are caused by various crops. According to the study of the United States and the former Soviet Union, there are more than 50,000 weed seeds in the soil layer of 30 cm per square meter. In the same plot, various methods are used to kill the grass. After 20 years, the weeds are only reduced by 50%. In the natural state, it quickly recovered to more than 50,000 seeds. No matter how much it costs people to eliminate weeds, weeds can't be eliminated. Invasive weeds can cause great harm in a short period of time, and gradually adapt to the local ecological environment with the extension of time. Plants are symbiotic and co-prosperous, and have symbiosis. In the process of mutual gram, the ecological balance between species is achieved. Exotic weed species damage will become common weeds over time and gradually reduce the harm. Do not kill or kill weeds, but control the hazards. Various agronomic, chemical, mechanical and other measures are adopted to control the weed damage within the allowable thresholds of economic, ecological and social effects. We must change our mindset, overcome the ignorant science and human selfishness, and learn to live in harmony with weeds. The research results of Heilongjiang Reclamation Area can effectively control weed damage by combining agronomic measures, herbicides and their use techniques, standard plant protection machinery (spray sprayer, agricultural aircraft) and their standardized use techniques. 2. Adhere to the traditional effective agronomic measures 2.1 Reasonable rotation, close planting, etc. Simultaneous evolution of crops and weeds, all kinds of crops have associated weeds and crop ecotypes. It is difficult to control effectively with herbicides. By rotating crops, herbicides can effectively control crop weeds. Rotation can replace herbicides with different characteristics depending on the type of crop to avoid weeds. Close planting helps to suppress certain weed hazards based on the characteristics of weeds. 2.2 Strengthening plant quarantine Adhere to the quarantine system, select seeds, and prevent the spread of quarantine weeds such as wild oats, soybean dodder, flax, and ragweed. 2.3 Suitable sowing Nowadays, it is generally prematurely planted in the north. In the early spring and low temperature conditions, crop seed dressing agents, pre-emergence herbicides, etc., the seeds are slowly metabolized after absorption of the agent, which will seriously inhibit growth, germination and unearthing time is too long, and weed competition with weeds is weak. , often cause phytotoxicity. The northern part of the country should choose the appropriate sowing date according to the natural conditions. The principle is to change the germination starting temperature of the crop from stable to 10 °C to 13 °C. For example, the rice transplanting high-yield period in Heilongjiang Reclamation Area and soybean and corn sowing date are from May 15 to 25. On the day, cowpea and red bean are waiting in late May. In the spring land preparation, the grass is germinated, which is conducive to mechanical control of grass. Adjusting the sowing date is an advantageous measure to control the weed damage. Suitable sowing and depth are suitable to increase the safety of crops. 2.4 Give full play to the mechanical effect to effectively control weed damage (1) Fuqiu deep turn, autumn preparation Rotation is combined with mechanical deep ploughing and deep turning. Rotation is the basis. It adopts mechanically turning loose rafts and alternating shallow and shallow farming practices. It has a three-year rotation cycle, one year planting summer harvest crops, and the high temperature weather in the sky turns deep into the ground. The rhizome is cut and chopped, accompanied by high temperature and sun exposure, the perennial rhizome can die 70%, the remaining rhizome is cut, and the regenerated seedlings are well controlled. The squatting of the earth is also a powerful measure to control rodents, and there is very little rodent damage in farmland in Heilongjiang Reclamation Area. The root cause of the corn field in Jilin Province lies in the fact that it has not been rotated for many years and cannot be turned deep into the earth. There are still weeds sprouting after the volts turn, and some can also mature the seeds. Therefore, before the weeds mature, the weeds should be riddled to prevent grass seeds from breeding. Fine land preparation, pay attention to protection, create conditions for weeding next year, and create conditions for weeding next year. In the second year, we plan to control the weeds before the planting. After the turning, we should carry out the autumn shovel in time. When there are conditions, we should flatten the fineness and reach the sowing state. Shagang land protection is especially important, and it should be carried out in the autumn to suppress water, water and water. (2) Weed control in early spring and inoculation The main tasks of spring land preparation are to increase warming, induce weeds, arrange sowing and control weeds in stages; use the difference between grass conditions and seedlings to adjust the contradiction between agricultural time and strength, and ensure the control of weeds in the later stage. 1 Early spring land preparation, induced weeds The size of crops and weeds is different. The speed of water absorption is different from that of water. Generally, spring weeds are younger than field crops. In the early spring, the weeds can be induced by the whole land, which can improve the weed control effect before the seedlings. When the autumn is turned over by 3 to 5 cm in general, it should be preserved in the ground, and the number of the weeding should be closed before the sowing. It should be leveled 12 to 15 days before sowing and repressed to ensure good moisture and enhance Inducing and killing grass effects. 2 stage sowing, weeding before sowing Mechanical control of weeds must be rationally arranged from the production deployment, sowing in stages, controlling weeds to stage seedlings, and effective control. In principle, soy planting considers the low-wet land with poor pre-production conditions from the topography; The efficiency of blocking weeding before sowing is more than 80%, and in the case of good operation, it can reach 93% to 98%. All localities should determine the appropriate proportion of soybeans to be weeded before sowing according to their own land, climatic conditions, weed conditions, and variety matching ability. Closing the weeding before sowing should be based on the induction of weeds in early spring. After the completion of the land preparation, the interval is 12 to 15 days. When the weeds are mostly outcropped in the depth of sowing, the secondary roots have not yet been produced. Premature weeds have less germination and less effect. Too late weeds have formed secondary roots, which have strong soil fixation ability and are not easy to die, which has reduced the herbicidal effect. After the operation, it is necessary to dry the clothes. After the grass buds in the soil layer of the ploughing and turning are dried, they can be sown to prevent resurrection due to the sowing of the soil. If it is dried for 1 day, then use the nails to slant it to the ground to further improve the grass killing effect. In the case of many weeds, especially the number of perennial weeds, when the agricultural time permits, two closed weeds can be carried out. The depth of the closed leather removal depends on the depth of germination of the grass seeds at that time, and generally should not exceed the seeding depth. Closed weeding should be carried out obliquely or laterally with the direction of tilling. The shovel should be sharp and the installation must be level. The shovel should overlap 4 to 5 cm. (3) Measures for cultivating and cultivating soil The specific application of weeding and weeding measures depends on various conditions such as topography, soil quality and lyrics. The following should be mastered: 1 Create conditions for the smooth operation of the cultivator At the time of sowing, pay attention to the appropriate line spacing, straight line, tight joints, equal line spacing, and keep track of the chain. In the operation, it is necessary to prevent the carcass from hanging on the grass, and the soil and seedlings are pressed and pressed. 2 Early medium tillage, deep cultivating The key to the entire cultivating measure is that the first cultivating must be early and deep. In the second weed emergence peak, the weeds that emerged this time are large in number and grow rapidly. When the soybeans are pod-forming, the grass height can still exceed the soybeans. Therefore, the cultivating time should be extended. Generally, the soybeans end before the flowering and sealing the ridge. Medium tillage is appropriate. Low-lying land, high-cultivation soil should be closed before the rainy season, and the operation can be added in the later stage when the conditions permit, so as to avoid the ridges after the rain. It has been suggested that the use of herbicides does not move the soil, fear of destroying the film, affecting the effect of weeding, it is really wrong, no matter whether the seedlings are used in the post-emergence seedlings, they should be cultivated in time, and the seedlings can be used after the application of the herbicides before the seedlings. Ground, after ridge seeding, you can use the cultivator to cultivate about 2 cm of soil and suppress it. 2.5 Agronomic measures should adapt to mechanical operation measures At present, there is a misunderstanding in agricultural production. Some people think that machinery should adapt to agronomic measures. For example, corn and soybean in the alpine region of northern China are cultivated on large ridges and ridges. In the current, the standard of mechanization of farmers is poor, and the level of agronomic and herbicide use is low. Under the conditions, chemical weeding failure has occurred in recent years, and large ridge cultivation cannot reduce cultivating. Large ridge cultivation in the United States also has problems in reducing grassland due to climate impact, but the government has lost the bill. In the north, the application should be promoted in stages, and 100% should be applied 5 to 7 days before transplanting. According to the occurrence of weeds in the field after transplanting, if a second application is needed, the second application can be carried out without weeds. medicine. 2.6 Adjusting the structure of the herbicide Soybeans, corn, potatoes, rice (closed weeding before transplanting transplanted plants), etc. should be based on pre-emergence herbicides, supplemented by post-emergence herbicides, and should account for more than 85% of pre-emergence (including 20% ​​of autumn application). Above, spring application accounts for 50% to 60%), and post-emergence application accounts for less than 15%. The rice transplanting field is mainly closed by soil, supplemented by post-emergence stem and leaf spray. The northern part should be applied in stages, and the application should be 100% 5 to 7 days before transplanting. According to the occurrence of field weeds after transplanting, if necessary The second application is carried out, and if there is no weed, the second application may not be performed. In autumn, the application of pesticides in the spring is safe for crops, increasing yield by 5% to 8%, and the control effect on refractory weeds is good. Pre-emergence application in spring is 10% to 15% higher than post-emergence application, especially in areas where plant protection machinery is backward and its use technology is not standardized. 3. Main points of application techniques of herbicides in dry field pre-emergence 3.1 Determination of pre-emergence herbicide dosage based on soil texture and organic matter In medium organic soils with a content of 2.5% to 5%, the herbicide is mainly affected by the clay particles, the clay particles are increased, and the dosage is increased accordingly; when the soil organic matter content is less than 2.5% or 5% to 10%, The amount of herbicide is directly affected by the soil organic matter content; when the soil organic matter content exceeds 12% to 15%, a variety of herbicides are strongly adsorbed by soil organic matter. Therefore, the herbicide dosage should be increased or decreased according to the soil organic matter and clay particle content. General application data of pre-emergence herbicides should indicate clay soil, loam soil and sandy soil below 3% of soil organic matter; soil organic matter 3% or more or 4% to 5%, or 4% to 8% clay soil, soil The amount of medicine used in soil and sandy soil. Special attention should be paid to the increase of soil organic matter content in economic crops and vegetable fields after application of organic Fertilizer. The test should simulate the application amount of local organic fertilizer, and then apply rotary soiling to determine the organic matter content and the facility organic fertilizer treatment area. 3.2 Soil pH and herbicide dosage Soil pH value is also an influential factor: when the pH value is low, the efficacy is lowered. When the pH value is lower than 5.5, the dysentery, atrazine, and imidazolium oxynic acid reduce the efficacy; when the pH value is <5, simazine, The effects of oxazinone, cyanazine, etc. are reduced; when the pH is >7, the efficacy of simazine, oxazinone, cyanazine, and atrazine is increased, and the oxazin can also increase the phytotoxicity to soybeans. Atrazine can also increase the residue to the end of the crop. 3.3 How to use pre-emergence herbicides under drought conditions? It is best to have 15~20 mm of rainfall after pre-emergence application. The herbicide is leached down to 0~5 cm weed germination part with rainwater. The spring application period in northern China often encounters strong wind and drought and less rain. After being easily scraped off by the wind or staying on the surface, it is difficult to exert the herbicidal effect. If there is no rainfall or irrigation condition after application, mechanical mixed soil application should be adopted. 3.3.1 Applying mixed soil before sowing in autumn or spring (1) The whole land should be flat (2) The spray should be even (3) The mixed soil should be completely selected with double-row disc harrow or rotating shovel. After application, the ground should be smashed in depth, the depth of 耙 is 10~15 cm (the herbicide is 5~7 cm), and the crossover is repeated once, the speed is 6 km/h. Above, after the application of the drug, ridges and pressures are maintained in time. If the ridge is not applied after application, the depth is 6 to 8 cm. After the application of sputum time requirements: thiocarbamate killing grass enemy, strong volatility, must be simmered within 15 to 20 minutes after sowing before sowing; dinitroaniline fluoxetine, secondary Ding Ling et al. simmered in the 1-2 hours after the application of soybeans, not more than 8 hours at the latest; the amide herbicide requirements are not strict. 3.3.2 Application of pre-emergence mixed soil application after sowing (1) After sowing, the ridges and shallow-mixed herbicides in the ridges and ridges are applied to the ridges and planted with shallow soil for 2~3 cm, which can improve the efficacy and stabilize the herbicidal effect under drought conditions. The soil mixing machine can be used for cultivating machines, rotating hoes, and the like. (2) Post-emergence cultivating and post-emergence cultivating of northern soybeans, corn and other cultivating crops can be applied after ridge sowning, repressed, cultivating soil with a cultivator 2 cm, and then repressed. 3.3.3 Spraying pre-emergence herbicide requirements for spray equipment and spraying technology Spraying pre-emergence herbicides requires spraying droplets with a diameter of 300 to 400 microns and 30 to 40 droplets per m2. Manual knapsack sprayer should use fan-shaped nozzle, equipped with 11003 fan nozzle, 50 mesh column anti-drip filter, spray pressure 2 atmospheres, spray volume 225 ~ 300 L / hm2, spray 1 ridge once applied Do not spray the spray from side to side, and spray the nozzle and the ground height, spray pressure, and walking speed evenly. The spray bar sprayer uses a fan-shaped spray head with a 11003, 11004 fan nozzle, a 50 mesh column type drip filter, a spray pressure of 2 to 3 atmospheres, a spray volume of 180 to 200 L/hm2, and a spray bar height of 50 from the ground. Cm, the speed of the vehicle is 6-8 km/h. The atomizer nozzle or fan-shaped nozzle is used for the aircraft spray, and the spray volume is 30~50 L/hm2. Why do you choose a nozzle with a 110 degree angle before spraying the herbicide? In the case of 2 to 3 atmospheres, less droplets are produced below 100 microns. 4, paddy field herbicide use technology 4.1 Determination of the amount of herbicide used in paddy fields 4.1.1 Prevention and control of alfalfa Methotrexate was used at 500 g ai/hm2 before the first leaf stage of Valeriana; 750 g ai/hm2 before the leaf stage of Valerian 2; 1,000 g ai/hm2 before the leaves of Valerian 3. In the northern stage, the first application of methionidamide was 525 g ai/hm2, the second application, and the benzilamide was 450 g ai/hm2. Propionamide is used to control the psyllium before the 1.5 leaf stage, and the northern acetochlor is used in 600-750 g ai/hm2. Grasshoppers control the weeds in the 3~4 leaf stage, using 2,880-3,840 g ai/hm2. Before chloroquinoic acid control, the turfgrass 3 leaf stage was treated with 250 g ai/hm2, the sedge 4 to 5 leaf stage was 300 g ai/hm2, and the valerian 6 to 7 leaf stage was 375-400 g ai/hm2. Shakespeare controls the alfalfa before the 2-leaf stage with 270 g ai/hm2. Cyhalofop-butyl valerate 2 to 3 leaf stage, with 75-90 g ai/hm2, valerian 4-5 leaf stage, 105-120 g ai/hm2, valerian 6-7 leaf stage, 150 g ai /hm2. Tetrazolam in the control of psyllium before 1.5 leaf stage, 150-180 g ai/hm2 in rice field in northeast China, 120-200 g ai/hm2 in transplanting field, and 112.5~ in paddy field in Yangtze River Basin and south area 150 g ai/hm2, 225-250 g ai/hm2 for transplanting, 112.5-125 g ai/hm2 for rice throwing. Penoxsulam was used to control the 2~5 leaf stage of Valerian, using 22.5 g ai/hm2; 30 g ai/hm2 above 5 leaves of Valerian. 4.1.2 Prevention of broadleaf weeds The prevention and control of refractory weeds in rice requires comprehensive control techniques. (1) Deep application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer: In recent years, the problem of fertilization by phosphorus and potassium fertilizer has caused serious occurrence of water cotton. (2) Deep tillage deep control to control perennial weeds. (3) Select suitable herbicides for rotation to avoid resistance. (4) A herbicide spray aid is added to the post-emergence spray liquid. 4.1.3 Staged application technology Staged application can achieve good herbicidal effect and increase the safety of herbicides on crops. The traditional method of applying rice stalks in rice fields is to apply the pesticides 5 to 10 days after rice transplanting. The commonly used acetochlor can only control the weeds at the 1.5 leaf stage, and the peak of weeds in Heilongjiang Province, eastern Jilin, and northeastern Inner Mongolia. At the end of May and early June; the peak period of broadleaf weeds is in the middle of June, and the transplanting is in the middle and late May, and the application is in late May and early June. After rice transplanting, there is always a part of valerian over 1.5 leaf stage, which misses the best control period; at this time, it is in the cold damage, and it is unsafe to transplant 3~3.5 leaf age rice seedlings in the north. The application period was divided into two application periods, and the first time was 5 to 7 days before transplanting, and the leaf age of the alfalfa was small, and the control effect was good. The second time, 15 to 20 days after transplanting, mixed with other herbicides, focusing on the control of alfalfa unearthed after the treatment of broadleaf weeds. At this time, the rice seedlings had slowed down the seedlings, the temperature increased, and the rice was metabolized by the amide herbicide. Enhanced drug resistance and significantly improved safety. Under the adverse environmental conditions such as low temperature, water depth and weak seedling, good safety and control effect can still be obtained. 5, the promotion of "two down one plus" spraying new technology after the seedlings 5.1 Reduce the amount of liquid spray 5.1.1 Selecting spray droplets and density Spraying the post-emergence herbicide in the field is suitable for spraying droplets with a diameter of 250-400 μm, spraying the drip-sensitive pesticide droplets with a density of 30-40/cm2, and spray-contacting pesticide droplets with a density of 50-70/cm2. 5.1.2 Design the amount of liquid spray according to the spray droplet diameter and droplet density The amount of herbicide sprayed after spraying: the manual knapsack sprayer is 100-150 L/hm2. The spray volume of the sprayer sprayer is 75-100 L/hm2. The aircraft spray volume is 20 ~ 50 L / hm2. 5.1.3 Choice of nozzle, filter, pressure and walking speed After spraying the post-emergence herbicide, the manual knapsack sprayer is sprayed with 8001 and 80015 fan-shaped sprays, with a 100-mesh column anti-drip filter, a pressure of 2 atmospheres, and a walking speed of 3 to 4 km/h. Spray bar sprayer uses 80015 fan nozzle with 100 mesh column anti-drip filter, pressure 3~4 atmospheres (8002 fan nozzle for high horsepower self-propelled sprayer, 50 mesh column anti-drip filter) The pressure is 4 to 5 atmospheres, the speed is 8 to 10 km/h, and the nozzle is 46 cm from the top of the crop. Why do you choose a nozzle with an angle of 80 degrees after spraying the herbicide after the seedling? Under 3 to 5 atmospheres, less droplets are produced below 100 microns. 5.2 Adding vegetable oil spray aid Under suitable meteorological conditions (the suitable meteorological conditions for spraying herbicides are temperature 13 ~ 27 ° C, air relative humidity greater than 65%, wind speed less than 4 m / s; generally before 8 o'clock in the sunny day, after 18 o'clock, preferably no night The spraying effect is best when dew is applied. The spray amount of vegetable oil spray agent is 0.5%, and the herbicide dosage can be reduced by 30% to 50%. Under the meteorological conditions that are not suitable for high temperature and drought (the herbicide is not sprayed after spraying) Appropriate meteorological conditions are temperature greater than 27 ° C, air relative humidity less than 65%, wind speed less than 4 m / s) and 1% of the amount of spray for the treatment of refractory weeds, herbicide dosage can be reduced by 20% to 30%. 5.3 Reduce the amount of medication 5.3.1 Suitable meteorological conditions Under suitable meteorological conditions, 0.5% of vegetable oil spray aid can be added to the medicine box, which can reduce the dosage by 30% to 50%. 5.3.2 Unsuitable weather conditions After spraying the post-emergence herbicide, under the unsuitable meteorological conditions, the spray box is added with a spray amount of 1% vegetable oil spray aid to reduce the dosage by 20% to 30%. 5.3.3 Determination of the amount of herbicide used The recommended dosage principle for post-emergence herbicides is the test results under suitable meteorological conditions; the test results under unsuitable meteorological conditions are not used as the basis for the recommended dosage. The amount of herbicide used is based on the registered amount, and the addition of the vegetable oil type spray auxiliaries reduces the amount of the drug. 5.3.4 Post-emergence herbicide application period The post-emergence herbicide application period is generally 2 to 4 leaf stage of annual broadleaf weeds, 3 to 5 leaf stage of grass weeds, perennial weeds are mostly 15-20 cm, and comfrey must be applied at 3 leaf stage. The perennial broad-leaved weeds are best applied before the 8-leaf stage, perennial weeds such as reeds 40 cm before application; perennial sedge weeds before the plant height of 15 cm. Appropriate meteorological conditions, application under drought conditions, application of vegetable oil spray additives or no dew at night. 5.3.5 Interval requirements for rainfall after application of post-emergence herbicides Rainfall will cause the herbicide to be washed away from the weed leaves, causing significant losses. Generally, the rainfall is 1-2 mm, and the water-soluble herbicide can be washed away from the weed leaves; the rain-soluble herbicide can be washed away from the weed leaves by 5-10 mm of rain. Different herbicides have different requirements on the interval between rainfalls. Pay attention to the weather forecast before application, and avoid the application of drugs and the interval between rainfalls is too short to affect the efficacy. For example, fluoxetine, paraquat, etc., which do not affect the efficacy after half an hour after application. After the application, it is necessary to have an interval of 1 hour of rainfall to prevent the effects of such effects as enephidine, quizalofop, oxazolazine, flupirtine, ketoxifen, quinoxalate, and high-efficiency fluoropyrimidine. Heling, flupirtine, acetyl oxalic acid, cyhalofoprin, imidazolidinic acid, imazamox, nicosulfuron, ethersulfuron, flufensulfuron, sulfimsulfuron, ethoxysulfuron, thiophene Sulfonamide, sulfonamide, bensulfuron, bensulfuron, pyrazosulfuron, flusulfuron, flusulfuron, ethersulfuron, formamide, chlorsulfuron, metsulfuron, methyl Disulfuron, mesulfuron, bromoxynil, fluroxypyr, etc. After application, it should be separated by 2 to 3 hours to affect the efficacy, such as 2,4-butyl butyl ester, 2 methyl 4-chloro, dicamba, cyanazine, atrazine and the like. After application, it should be separated by 4 hours to affect the efficacy such as flufenazone, clomazone, glyphosate, glufosinate and the like. After application, it is necessary to leave the mixture for 6 hours without affecting the efficacy of such as wild swallow, acifluorfen, and pyrazosulfamide. After application, it should be separated by 6 to 8 hours without affecting the efficacy such as clopyralid, oxazinone, 2,4-dropamine salt, 2 methyl 4-chlorosodium salt and the like. After the application, it is necessary to have an interval of 8 hours to prevent the effects of the drug such as bentazone. 6. Correct adjustment of the sprayer sprayer and field operation technology 6.1 Installation and adjustment of the sprayer sprayer (1) Do a check after installation (2) Installation and adjustment of the spray bar (3) Determination of single nozzle spray volume (4) Spray volume adjustment 1 Select the design spray volume; 2 Select the appropriate spray head; 3 Select the appropriate pressure. (5) Select the tractor at the appropriate speed. In addition to calculating the walking speed of the tractor before applying the medicine, it is necessary to actually measure and check the walking speed of the tractor. 6.2 Field spray operation 1 dosage calculation; 2 preparation of medicament; 3 spraying operation. 6.3 Sprayer cleaning 6.4 Security More pesticide knowledge, please pay attention to China Pesticide Network
Food additives are substances added to food to preserve flavor or enhance its taste, appearance, or other qualities. Some additives have been used for centuries; for example, preserving food by pickling (with vinegar), salting, as with bacon, preserving sweets or using sulfur dioxide as with wines. With the advent of processed foods in the second half of the twentieth century, many more additives have been introduced, of both natural and artificial origin.
Food additives can be divided into several groups, although there is some overlap because some additives exert more than one effect. For example, salt is both a preservative as well as a flavor.
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