果树药害如何补救

果树是多年生作物，病虫害种类多，发生危害重。长年大量使用化学农药防治病虫害，导致病虫害抗药性逐年增强，防治效果不断下降，为了提高防效，不少人不得不盲目增加施药量，结果造成药害频频发生。药害重者当日或几日后便表现叶片（特别是嫩叶、嫩尖）发生斑点、黄化、失绿，以致枯萎、卷叶、落叶、落果、缩节簇生等症状。药害对果树的产量和品质影响极大。
　　
　　为了防止和减轻药害造成的损失，首先应做到科学用药，施药后及时跟上细微观察，若出现药害苗头时，应及早采取以下技术措施进行补救：
　　
　　暂停使用同类药，尽量少用药。在药害尚未彻底解除之前，对引起药害的同类药要暂停使用，非同类药也尽量少使用，以免造成药害加重。
　　
　　用水冲洗。多数农药一般都不耐清水冲刷，如发现施药浓度过大，刚开始出现药害症状时，应迅速用干净的喷雾器装入清水、打足气，对准药害部位反复冲洗，对叶片的正反面上的农药冲洗干净。对于一些遇碱性物质易分解失效的农药，可用0．2％的生石灰水或0．2％碳酸钠水溶夜冲洗受药害部位，效果十分良好。
　　
　　喷洒高锰酸钾稀释液。高锰酸钾是一种强氧化剂，对多数化学农药都有氧化分解作用。将高锰酸钾对水稀释6000倍后装入喷雾器，对准果树受药害部位均匀周到地喷洒一遍，能有效缓解药害。
　　
　　加强水肥管理。依据果树生长季节和对肥料的需求规律，及时追施一次速效肥，并适当增加施用量。结合追肥进行适量浇水，达到以水促肥。除进行土壤追施速效肥外，还应进行叶面施肥，可喷施0．2％～0．3％磷酸二氢钾溶液或0．3％～0．5％尿素溶液。喷施时间宜在露水干后的上午10时前和下午4时后进行，使叶片正反面都均匀沾满肥液，喷后7～8天，可再喷一次，经过追肥浇水可促使受药害果树尽快恢复生长发育。
　　
　　加强中耕松土。中耕可破除土壤板结，改善土壤的透气性，提高地温，促进有益微生物活动，加快土壤养分的分解，增强根系对养分和水分的吸收能力，促进果树生长发育，并能缓解土壤中的药害。要依据果树生长季节和土壤墒情，确定中耕深度。浇水后要适时中耕松土，并适当增加中耕次数，中耕要先浅后深，防止伤根过多。 
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