Effect of anti-nutritional factors on the performance of pigs after wheat replacement of a certain proportion of corn

For a long time, the supply of feed resources in China has been tight, and corn has been widely used as an energy feed in the production of compound feed for pigs. It has become more and more widely used in industrial production, and the supply of corn has become increasingly tight. This status quo can not only meet the needs of animal husbandry for feed, but also has become a bottleneck restricting the development of animal husbandry. Therefore, the development of new energy feed ingredients is one of the important issues in the development of animal husbandry.

As an important food crop in China, wheat has limited its application in livestock and poultry feed because it contains anti-nutritional factors (mainly arabinoxylan). In China, wheat is not used for feed production, but it has been widely used abroad. In recent years, domestic wheat production has continued to increase, and some wheat producing areas have even experienced a backlog. Wheat prices are lower than corn for a certain period of time or for a period of time, which provides a price advantage for large quantities of livestock feed. At present, some domestic feed production enterprises and farms have begun to try to add wheat to the feed instead of the traditional energy feed corn. How to use wheat reasonably has become a research hotspot in the field of animal nutrition and feed science in China. Using wheat instead of corn as an energy feed can not only reduce the cost of animal husbandry production, but also solve the problem of food backlog, killing two birds with one stone.

In this experiment, wheat was used to replace a certain proportion of corn. Anti-nutritional factors were overcome by adding exogenous enzyme preparations. The effects of adding different levels of wheat and complex enzymes on the performance of growing and finishing pigs were studied, and the complex enzymes in the diet were determined. The appropriate addition level of the preparation provides a scientific basis for better use of wheat as an energy feed for growing pigs in production.

1 Materials and methods

1.1 Experimental Design

In the experiment, 32 pairs of Du Ã— Chang Ã— Da Sanyuan crossbred pigs with 42 d were used, the average body weight was 20Â±2.3 kg, and the male and female were half each. The difference between the statistical test groups was not significant. The design of the experiment was based on one-way analysis of variance, with four treatments, positive control, negative control, and trials 1 and 2, each treating 8 pigs.

1.2 Dietary Composition

The positive control group was corn-soybean meal diet, the negative control wheat replaced some corn in the positive control diet (25% of the diet level), and the trials 1 and 2 added 0.02% and 0.04% respectively on the negative control basis. Wheat-specific complex enzyme. The composition of the diet and nutrients are shown in Table 1. Table 1 Test diet and its nutrient content%

Dietary composition	Positive contrast	Negative control	Test 1	Test 2
Corn Wheat Wheat bran Stone Calcium hydrogen phosphate Salt Premix* Enzyme preparation Cost price / (yuan / kg) Nutritional ingredients Crude protein Digestive Energy / (MJ / kg) Calcium Lysine Sulfur-containing amino acid	62.8 26 0 8 1.2 0.7 0.3 1 0 2.44 18 13.1 0.65 0.3 0.9 0.58	40.8 23.3 25 8 1.3 0.6 0.3 1 0 2.32 18.1 13.1 0.65 0.3 0.9 0.58	40.8 23.3 25 8 1.3 0.6 0.3 1 0.02 2.34 18.1 13.1 0.65 0.3 0.9 0.58	40.8 23.3 25 8 1.3 0.6 0.3 1 0.04 2.35 18.1 13.1 0.65 0.3 0.9 0.58

Note: The premix provides the required amount of trace elements and vitamins specified by NRC (1998) for compound feed.

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1.3 Enzyme preparation

The main components of the complex enzyme preparation are xylanase and xylanase.

1.4 Feeding Management

The trial was conducted on October 11, 2009 at the Ruifeng Pig Farm in Xian County, Zhangzhou. Deworming and vaccination were performed before the start of the trial. After the test pigs were grouped, the pre-feeding period was 10 days, and the test period was 28 days. All the pigs were free to eat and drink during the test period. The feed intake and health status were recorded every day, and the body weight was weighed every 2 weeks. The rest was carried out according to the routine management of the farm. Feeding.

1.5 Measurement indicators and methods

The starting weight of the test pigs and the body weight at the end of the test were weighed and the feed intake during the test was recorded. Based on this, the average daily gain, feed intake and feed-to-weight ratio were calculated and analyzed for economic benefits.

Average daily gain (ADG) = weight gain / (test days Ã— test pigs);

Material to weight ratio (F/G) = feed consumption / weight gain.

1.6 Statistical Analysis

All test data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA using SPSS 11.5 data analysis software.

2 Results and analysis

2.1 The effect of wheat diet plus compound enzyme on the average daily gain of pigs

The weight gain rate and feed utilization efficiency of the test pigs are shown in Table 2. As can be seen from Table 2, the use of wheat instead of corn in the diet significantly reduced the daily gain of pigs, and the daily gain in the whole period decreased by 5.36%, with a reduction of 32.9 g/d (p<0.05). After adding the xylanase-based complex enzyme preparation, the production performance of the pigs in the two test groups was significantly improved compared with the positive and negative control groups; the daily weight gain of the test period, the test 1 and 2 were respectively lower than the negative control group. The increase was 11.30% and 9.04% (P<0.05); it was 5.33% and 3.20% higher than the positive control group (P<0.05). The maximum weight gain was obtained in the experimental group 1 pigs; however, the difference between the two groups was not significant (p>0.05). The daily weight gain in the pre-test period was similar to that in the whole trial period; the level difference between the two trial groups was significant (p<0.05). When the level of wheat added in the growing pig diet is 25%, the appropriate level of enzyme addition is 0.02%.

2.2 The effect of wheat diet plus compound enzyme feed on feed conversion efficiency

It can be seen from Table 3 that after replacing a certain proportion of corn diet with wheat, compared with the corn-soybean meal diet, the feed conversion ratio was significantly lower (p<0.05), regardless of the early, late or full period (p<0.05). The effects of anti-nutritional factors. After the addition of the complex enzyme, the feed conversion rate was significantly improved (p<0.05).

The amount of compound enzyme added was different, and the feed conversion rate of wheat diet had a significant effect at the beginning of the experiment (1~14d) (P<0.05).

2.3 Analysis of Economic Benefits

The corn-soybean type feed price is 2 438 yuan / t, and the wheat - corn - soybean meal type is 2 322 yuan / t. The price of the pig is 14 yuan / kg, and the price of wheat compound enzyme is 80 yuan / kg. In terms of economic benefits, when wheat prices are lower than corn, replacing a certain proportion of corn with wheat and adding a xylanase-based complex enzyme can significantly improve economic benefits (Table 4).

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2.4 Appearance observation, incidence of diarrhea and disease situation

According to the observation and record of pigs during the experiment, there was no significant difference in the appearance of the test pigs. All the pigs were bright and healthy, and the incidence of diarrhea was very low in most of the pigs. Only the unconjugated wheat group was added. The test pigs had a small amount of diarrhea. Table 2 Effect of enzyme-added wheat diet on average daily gain of pigs

Handling	Daily gain / (g / d)
Handling	1~14d	15~28d	1~28d
Positive comparison with Negative control Test 1 Test 2	615.7Â±18.6a 583.0Â±44.8b 639.6Â±69.4c 634.1Â±53.7c	610.4Â±42.0a 577.4Â±33.1b 652.3Â±63.2c 631.3Â±42.6ac	613.1Â±8.9a 580.2Â±15.5b 645.8Â±9.5c 632.7Â±6.5c

Note: Differences in the same column of shoulders indicate significant differences (P < 0.05). The same below.
Table 3 Effect of enzyme addition on feed conversion efficiency of wheat diets
Handling
Feeding meat ratio
1~14d
15~28d
1~28d
Positive comparison with
Negative control
Test 1
Test 2
2.3Â±0.1a
2.4Â±0.2b
2.0Â±0.1c
2.1Â±0.1d
2.6Â±0.1a
2.7Â±0.2b
2.4Â±0.1c
2.4Â±0.1c
2.4Â±0.2a
2.5Â±0.2b
2.2Â±0.3c
2.3Â±0.2d

Table 4 Analysis of the whole process economic benefits
Handling
Whole weight gain / kg
Whole feed consumption / kg
Feeding meat ratio
Feed cost / yuan
Earnings per dollar /
Compare
Positive comparison with
Negative control
Test 1
Test 2
137.3
130.0
144.7
141.7
329.5
325.1
318.3
325.8
2.4Â±0.2
2.5Â±0.2
2.2Â±0.3
2.3Â±0.2
803.9
754.2
744.8
765.6
139.7
133.2
160.1
152.3
100.0
95.4
114.6
109.0
3 Discussion and analysis
Wheat as a raw material for pig feed, except for slightly lower energy than corn, other nutritional indicators are better than corn. The main anti-nutritional factor of wheat is arabinoxylan. Studies have shown that wheat diet supplemented with complex enzymes (xylanase, Î²-glucanase, etc.) can degrade non-starch polysaccharides such as arabinoxylan and reduce intestinal viscosity. To eliminate its anti-nutritional effect and improve the nutritional value of wheat feed. According to Cheng Wei et al. (1998), the addition of xylanase to 40% of wheat diets increased the daily gain of growing pigs by 7.4%. Lunen et al. (1996) reported that the growth rate of pigs increased by 9.2% when wheat diets were supplemented with xylanase.
According to the results of this experiment, after wheat replaced a certain proportion of corn diet, anti-nutritional factors affected the digestion and absorption of wheat nutrients, reduced feed utilization, and led to reduced production performance of growing pigs. After adding compound enzymes to overcome anti-nutritional factors , the production performance of growing pigs has been significantly improved.
At present, there are many kinds of complex enzymes in the market. There is no national standard for enzyme living units in China. The definitions of enzyme living units used by different enterprises are different, so it is impossible to measure the advantages and disadvantages of enzyme preparations by using enzyme units; in addition, the action sites of enzymes The mechanism of action and the mechanism of action are not fully understood. Even if the conditions for the optimal action of the same enzyme are not the same, animal feeding test is one of the effective methods for judging the quality of the feed enzyme preparation.

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