The feed industry is the basis for the rapid development of animal husbandry in China and an important way to achieve grain transformation. Since the reform and opening up, with the continuous application of new equipment, new processes and new technologies, the variety of feeds has increased, the output has become larger and larger, and the quality and safety requirements of feed have become higher and higher. In order to ensure that people can timely and adequately consume safe, high-quality, nutritious livestock and poultry products without pollution and harm, we must do everything possible to improve the quality and safety of feed. In addition to optimizing the formulation of the feed and improving the production process, the way to improve the quality and safety of the feed is to work hard on the reasonable storage of the feed. Because of the reasonable storage technology, not only can the storage time be extended, the quantity loss can be reduced, and more importantly, the feed can be prevented from being deteriorated and the nutritional function is reduced, thereby effectively improving the use value of the feed and the economic benefit of the feed enterprise. 1 Storage characteristics of There are many types of feed, but from the perspective of its composition and processing, there are mainly grain and oil processing by-products and compound feed. These feeds have different storage characteristics due to different raw material compositions and physical shapes, but generally have the following characteristics. 1.1 high content of starch and protein, easy to absorb moisture and The starch content of rice bran is 37.5~39%, the protein content is 15~17%, and the protein content of cake is 30~50%. These ingredients have hydrophilic properties, so the feed has a strong ability to absorb moisture. On the other hand, due to the loose structure of the grain and oil by-products, the porosity is large, and the hygroscopicity is also enhanced. According to the experiment, under the same temperature and humidity conditions, the moisture absorption rate of bran is more than twice that of wheat, and the equilibrium moisture of bran is higher than other original grains. For example, in saturated state, the equilibrium moisture of the bran can reach 38-40%, while cereal cereals are generally only 20%. Although the moisture content of the cake is 5~10%, the outer layer is easy to absorb moisture and mold during storage. Because the compound feed also contains a large amount of starch and protein, especially the animal protein (fish meal, bone meal, meat meal, blood meal, silkworm cocoon powder, etc.) in the feed, the hygroscopicity is very strong. 1.2 With a large amount of bacteria, easy to mold and mildew Because the feed contains nutrients such as sugar, protein, fat, etc., and is pulverized and steamed during processing, the nutrients are exposed, and the moisture content is high. Therefore, the feed is easy to breed microorganisms, especially suitable for mold reproduction. . As a result of the large-scale reproduction of mold, not only will the nutrient material be seriously lost and deteriorated, but also the poisoning of the feed under the infestation of certain toxin-producing microorganisms, thereby endangering the health of people and animals. 1.3 high fat content, easy to oxidize rancidity The fat content of grain and oil processing by-products is relatively high, such as rice bran fat content is generally 17 to 18%, and new rice bran is even as high as 22%. Rice bran fat contains a considerable amount of lipolytic enzymes. Under the action of lipolytic enzymes, the fat in rice bran is easily decomposed, resulting in a large increase in free fatty acids. According to the experiment, the temperature of the rice bran just out of the machine is above 30 °C, the acid value is below 10, after 5 days, the acid value rises to above 15; after 10 days, the acid value rises to above 25; after 20 days, it rises to above 35. In summer, the acid price rises the fastest, and it takes only a few days to get to 80. At the same time, the rice bran temperature also rises, and the red knot is fast. After the fat is decomposed, the acid value increases and the quality deteriorates. 1.4 Nutritional exposure, easy to pests After the raw materials of the processed feed are mechanically pulverized, the cortex is protected and the nutrients are exposed. Therefore, under the conditions of suitable temperature and humidity, it is easy to breed a variety of stored grain pests, especially by beetles, moth larvae, mites and other pests, resulting in loss of quantity and quality. 2 Feed storage technology points 2.1 Control moisture, low temperature storage The high temperature and high humidity environment of the feed during storage is the main cause of the mildew of the feed. Because high temperature and high humidity can not only stimulate the activity of hydrolase such as lipase, amylase and protease, accelerate the decomposition rate of nutrients in feed, but also promote the reproduction and growth of harmful organisms such as microorganisms and stored grain pests. Damp heat, causing fever and mildew in the feed. Experiments have shown that below 15 °C, the pests are inactive, and the growth of high temperature and medium temperature microorganisms is inhibited; below 8 °C, the pests are paralyzed and few microbes grow. When the water content of the feed falls below 13%, there is little insect growth even when stored at a higher temperature. Therefore, in the storage of normal temperature warehouse, the relative humidity is generally below 70%, and the moisture content of the feed should not exceed 12.5%. If the ambient temperature is controlled below 15 °C and the relative humidity is below 80%, long-term storage is also possible. of. 2.2 anti-mildew bacteria, avoid deterioration The feed is highly susceptible to mildew during storage, transportation, sale and use. The large amount of mold growth and breeding of contaminated feed not only consumes and decomposes the nutrients in the feed, but also reduces the quality of the feed, lowers the reward, and causes symptoms such as diarrhea, enteritis and decreased digestive capacity and decreased lymphatic function after eating. Can cause death. Therefore, we should attach great importance to the problem of mildew prevention and treatment of feed. Practice has proved that in addition to improving the storage environment, the most effective method is to take physical or chemical means to prevent mold. 2.2.1 Radiation Sterilization After the feed is pulverized or granulated, it will infect some pathogenic bacteria such as Salmonella and E. coli. After the American researchers used the chicken feed to radiate with 10GP radiation, they were stored in an environment of 30 ° C and 80% relative humidity for 1 month. The mold did not multiply; the unradiated chick feed was in the same condition and the same. Mildew occurs after storage of time. Radiation feed can achieve sterilization effect and can be stored for a long time without deterioration. 2.2.2 Adding agent The antifungal agent for feed refers to a feed additive which can reduce the amount of microorganisms in the feed, control the metabolism and growth of microorganisms, inhibit the production of mycotoxins, prevent the loss of nutrients during the storage period of the feed, prevent the mold from becoming moldy and prolong the storage time. There are many feed anti-fungal agents used abroad, such as potassium iodide, calcium iodate, calcium propionate, formic acid, seaweed powder, and citrus peel ethanol extract. According to the research of Japanese scientific and technical personnel, a variety of anti-fungal agents are used in combination, and the effect is better. For example, 92% seaweed powder (waka powder or kelp powder) and 4% calcium iodate and 4% calcium propionate are mixed, according to 8 The addition amount of % is added to the feed, and then placed in an environment of temperature 30 ° C and relative humidity 100%, no mildew in 1 month; and feed without added anti-mold agent, moldy in 5 days; A mold-proof feed that will be mildew for 10 to 15 days. Therefore, Japan has mixed seaweed powder and calcium iodate to make a high-efficiency feed anti-fungal agent. The commonly used antifungal agents in China are benzoic acid and its sodium salt (used and not more than 0.1%), fumaric acid and its esters (usually used in an amount of about 0.2%), propionic acid and its salts, Dehydroacetic acid (used in an amount of about 0.05%). There is also a composite antifungal agent obtained by mixing the above-mentioned antifungal agents in a certain ratio. For example, the K. sinensis produced in the United States is a mixture of propionic acid, acetic acid, benzoic acid, sorbic acid or the like. The compound anti-fungal agent has wide antibacterial spectrum, wide application range, good anti-mildew effect, low dosage and convenient use, and is a commonly used anti-mold agent in feed. To use the anti-fungal agent in the feed, pay attention to the dosage. If the dosage is too high, it will not only affect the original taste and palatability of the feed (generally, the organic acids such as acetic acid and propionic acid are more volatile, which easily affect the palatability of the feed, and the salt is selected. Or esters may be better), and may cause acute and chronic poisoning of animals and excessive drug residues. In addition, the solubility of the antifungal agent itself, the feed storage environment and the degree of feed contamination, etc., all affect the effect of the antifungal agent. Therefore, the mold inhibitor can be flexibly used according to the actual conditions such as the environment and the moisture content of the feed. For example, in the dry and cool low temperature season in autumn and winter, the feed moisture is below 11%, generally no antifungal agent is needed. If the moisture content is above 12%, the antifungal agent should be used; if the feed water content is high, and the high temperature and high humidity season should be Appropriately increase the amount of anti-fungal agent to ensure better anti-mildew effect. In view of the deterioration of feed quality and the oxidation of nutrients, it is possible to combine antifungal agents with antioxidants to maintain quality and extend shelf life. Fiberglass Measuring Tape,ABS Holder Measuring Tape,Rubber Fiberglass Measuring Tape HENAN BONTHE MEASURING TOOLS. CO., LTD , https://www.tapemeasurebte.com