Not long ago, the China Coal Industry Association reported that in the first half of this year, all indexes of production, transportation, and sales in the coal industry in China have been reduced, 26 large-scale coal enterprises have suffered losses, and Heilongjiang, Jilin, Chongqing, Sichuan, Yunnan, and Anhui provinces (or municipalities directly under the Central Government) ) is already a loss of the entire industry. In the face of industry losses, reducing costs through salary reductions, repairing old ones, using wastes, and reducing expenditures have had some success. However, some inherent costs of coal companies cannot be reduced indefinitely. At this time, the squeeze of the "moisture" of the circulation of coal was very high. Some people in the industry frankly stated that to save Chinese coal companies, it is more sensible to clear and rectify high logistics costs than to limit coal imports. "The coal market has a worth of 4 trillion yuan, and the cost of circulation will drop a little." Qian Pingfan, director of the Ministry of Industry and Economics of the State Council Development Research Center, said in an interview. The middle part of the high circulation costs There is no integrated supply chain system among coal production, distribution, and consumer companies. It is difficult to coordinate production, supply, and sales, and the regulatory effect of the circulation chain reservoir disappears, causing inventory costs to rise. “Coal Coal Eastern Freightâ€, “Northern Coal Southâ€, long logistics of coal logistics, complicated logistics links and other reasons have caused coal circulation costs to account for 40% of its consumer prices. When Qian Pingfan started to study the coal industry in 1999, the coal market was not doing well. However, at that time, China’s coal production was only about 1 billion tons, not so much now, and the circulation is not as complicated as it is now. After 2001, the coal industry ushered in the golden decade. When the coal market is the best, the price of coal in Ordos, Inner Mongolia, is more than 300 yuan per ton, but the price in Zhejiang is about 1,000 yuan per ton, and the price in Hunan is about 1,200 yuan per ton. From coal mines to users, the chain length is long, and many intermediate links are involved, so the circulation costs are relatively high. Because of this, there is a lot of room for China to reduce the cost of coal circulation. Qian Pingfan pointed out that this involves the issue of coal supply chain management. His definition of a coal supply chain is the network chain structure that consists of various activities and value chains of coal from coal mines to users. The coal supply chain covers a wide range of areas, but it mainly focuses on circulation. “What we can see is coal, but the coal supply chain uses coal as a carrier, which includes real logistics, capital flow, information flow, and business flow,†Qian said. China's coal supply chain is inefficient. From April to December 2012, the National Development and Reform Commission, the National Bureau of Statistics, and the China Federation of Logistics and Purchasing carried out a logistics survey of key enterprises across the country. The aggregated data show that in 2011 China's coal industry has experienced rapid growth in logistics, and the cost of coal logistics has declined. However, compared with all industrial industries, coal logistics development is extensive and its efficiency is low. The article titled “Logistics Analysis of the Coal Industry†written by Hu Xin of the China Logistics Information Center pointed out that modern industry emphasizes both production and distribution, while China’s coal industry is affected by the “heavy production, light circulation†ideology. Many companies do not realize that they are low. Under the conditions of profit and high cost, logistics plays a huge role as a "third profit source" and the logistics department still belongs to the production department. In addition, there is no integrated supply chain system between production, distribution, and consumer companies. Faced with market fluctuations, it is difficult to coordinate production, supply, and sales, and the regulatory role of the circulation chain reservoir disappears, leading to an increase in inventory costs. According to relevant data, in 2011, China's coal industry inventory increased by 33.8%, higher than the overall level of the industry; coal inventory costs accounted for 40%, 5 percentage points higher than the overall level of industry. For the power plant, what is needed is a service. With this service, the power plant can concentrate on generating electricity. The reality is that many domestic power plants look for coal, buy coal, buy coal, and then generate electricity. The consequence of this is that the production cost of the power plant is increased, and the production costs of downstream customers of the power plant are also increased. If the coal purchased by the power plant is directly configured to reduce coal blending, the cost can be reduced. In the past, when the supply of coal was tight, the power plant had to purchase coal in many places and had to pay cash first. However, the power plant is a state-owned enterprise, and state-owned enterprises usually check out the coal after it has been burned. Therefore, when the supply of coal is tense, there is a phenomenon that is very strange. Obviously there are coal mines around, and the power plants cannot buy coal. As a result, middlemen emerged. The middlemen have working capital, which can be paid in advance to buy coal, sell the coal to the power plant, and earn profits from it. This part of the profits is reflected in the coal price. “There is also a kind of trader who buys coal at a low price and sells coal at a high price. Traders are the part of the people who used to say the market was disrupted,†Qian said. Qian Pingfan said that coal mines and power plants are part of the coal supply chain. Due to system problems, the middleman and trader will not appear until the coal supply chain is not connected. The middlemen and traders manage the coal supply chain and provide services. Industry insiders believe that the rise in prices for coal for 10 years has masked the high costs of coal circulation. Today, the price of coal has fallen drastically, and the high cost of coal circulation has caused domestic coal to lose its competitive advantage. Recently, the terminal price for the 5,500 kcal thermal coal delivered to Dagang Port in Datong, Datong, Shanxi Province was RMB 613 per tonne, and the total circulation costs exceeded RMB 200. This is the price of freight from Newcastle, Australia to Guangzhou Port. More times. “The analysis of coal industry logistics†pointed out that the distribution of coal in China’s production and consumption areas determines the overall logistics of China’s “coal coal transportation eastwardâ€, “north-to-coal coal transportation†and railway, highway, sea transportation, and inland waterways. pattern. Coal logistics has a long transportation distance, many transshipment nodes, and complicated logistics links. This causes high coal circulation costs and the coal circulation cost accounts for 40% of its consumer price. "Why coal imports are so much because domestic coal supply chain costs are too high. Don't count the pit price. To calculate the user price, the user price of domestic coal is higher than the user price of imported coal. Then the user must use imported coal. Some power plants have high stocks, and coal can be burned for 20 days to 30 days. Coal storage accounts for a lot of places and management is troublesome. This raises the coal utilization cost of power plants, said Qian Pingfan. China has a relatively wasteful phenomenon, that is, it spends a lot of money on high-value gasoline and transports lower-value raw coal. If after washing, high-quality coal is transported, it will save a lot of money, which is also the scope of coal supply chain management. Extensively difficult to follow the opportunity for change 2012 is the spring to manage the coal supply chain. Coal has changed from the seller’s market to the buyer’s market. It has become increasingly important to serve coal users and improve the efficiency of the coal supply chain. In the past decade, coal supply was oversupplied, coal was the top priority, and efficiency was the second highest. The importance of coal supply chain management has long been ignored. The coal supply chain itself is objective and managed through different methods. The benefits are not the same. “If we manage the coal supply chain in a good way and we reduce the cost of coal circulation by 30 yuan, 50 yuan, or even 100 yuan per ton, we can save a lot of money because of the large coal production. This is what we are now stressing on coal supply chain management. The root is where it is." Qian Pingfan said. The original meaning of coal supply chain management is to use advanced management tools and methods to increase the efficiency of coal supply chains, save unnecessary costs, and reduce the cost of coal as a whole. Qian Pingfan believes that the implementation of coal supply chain management is very urgent. Now is the best time. This is closely related to national conditions. China is a big producer of coal and a big consumer of coal. It has a high degree of dependence on coal. The complexity of the coal supply chain is unmatched by other countries. In the view of Qian Pingfan, there are four main reasons for presenting the issue of coal supply chain management. First, China's coal production is getting larger and larger, and there is a lot of room for the management of the coal supply chain. The market is huge. The second is the rapid development of information and communication technology (ICT), which provides technical support for the visual management of the coal supply chain. Coal supply chain management needs to be achieved through ICT, because the cost of manual management is very high. Third, the degree of internationalization is getting higher and higher, and more and more imported coal. In this case, if coal is to be blended, if coal is not allocated, imported coal will not be used, the cost of using coal will increase, and coal resources will be wasted. Fourth, China's coal industry is actually competing with the United States. After the shale gas revolution in the United States, the cost of electricity was very low, causing a backflow in the manufacturing industry. If domestic coal prices have been high, the price of electricity has risen, and manufacturing costs have risen. European companies will follow the past. Some of our enterprises will also go to the United States. Ultimately, it will damage the fundamental interests of the country. In 2012, China’s coal production has reached 3.66 billion tons. In contrast, coal supply chains in developed countries such as Europe and the United States appear to be smaller and less complex, and there is little room for improvement in performance through management and there is insufficient incentive. At present, with the exception of coal rail transport, the degree of marketization of the relevant links in China's coal supply chain is relatively high, and the coal logistics infrastructure is relatively good. With the changes in the international energy structure, China’s coal imports have increased year by year, coal source countries will be more, and the global coal supply chain will have more room for management. When it comes to importing coal, Qian Pingfan has some concerns. "If domestic manufacturing costs remain high, these industrial companies have gone and domestic coal and electricity are sold to whom? At this time, China must emphasize coal supply chain management and reduce the cost of circulation. This is not just a problem for the coal industry. It is the problem of the entire country. The country must increase the degree of marketization, and the core of marketization is to reduce costs and increase efficiency," Qian said. “The analysis of coal industry logistics†pointed out that coal logistics involves a wide area and many departments. Under the management system of regional division and division, coal logistics is difficult to form a relatively centralized operation mode, and it is difficult for coal logistics supply chain to achieve scale and network. The advantages of intensification have restricted the application of modern logistics in the coal industry. The rent-seeking and rent-seeking activities in the coal market management have increased the hidden costs of coal logistics. China's exploration of coal supply chain management is a matter of recent years. "However, 2012 is the spring to manage the coal supply chain." Qian Pingfan said. Coal has changed from the seller’s market to the buyer’s market. It has become increasingly important to serve coal users and improve the efficiency of the coal supply chain. In the past decade, coal supply was oversupplied, coal was the top priority, and efficiency was the second highest. The importance of coal supply chain management has long been ignored. . In addition, the completion of the two-track system of coal prices lasted for 16 years and the major obstacles to the implementation of coal supply chain management were eliminated. The shale gas revolution has brought increasing pressure on coal energy. Extensive coal supply chain management is difficult to sustain, and related parties have higher expectations for coal supply chain management. Supply Chain Management There are many ways Build coal smart logistics parks, coal trading centers, and digital coal storage centers to build coal supply chain alliances and integrated energy solution providers. They are essentially managing the coal supply chain. Coal supply chain management appears to be virtual and far away. In fact, coal supply chain management is to optimize and manage the above four value streams and related activities in the coal supply chain. Among them, the management of commercial flows involves coal transactions, and the management of real logistics involves coal logistics and coal blending and processing. Coal supply chain management is divided into three categories: coal industry supply chain management, coal user supply chain management, coal smart logistics park, coal trading center, and coal user personalized service. Qian Pingfan explained that the management of a supply chain, the supply chain of a power plant, called the user supply chain management, this management is more personalized. However, the coal supply chain is not one, and many coal supply chains may be managed, which is called coal industry supply chain management. The coal trading center manages business flows and orders. Everyone at the coal trading center focused on checking orders and both A, B, and B can reach an agreement. After managing orders, you can also manage funds. The coal smart logistics park is visible and tangible. It manages real logistics. In the park, coal can be transported. The key is coal blending, and logistics plus coal blending constitutes physical logistics. The coal smart logistics park can also manage capital flow, information flow, and business flow based on the management of real logistics. “In the past, everyone was doing this, but it did not improve to the height of supply chain management. Now the construction of a coal logistics park and a coal trading center is essentially managing the coal supply chain,†Qian said. At present, there are more than 30 coal smart logistics parks in operation or under construction in China, of which the coal smart logistics park in Erdos Luenchuan North Station is in good condition; more than 20 coal trading centers are in operation or under construction, including Shaanxi Coal Trading Center and Shanxi China (Taiyuan) Coal Trading Center operated well. In addition, some companies represented by Tide Coal Network Co., Ltd. (hereinafter referred to as Ted Coal) are developing individualized services for coal users. On July 7, 2010, Ted Coal and Hebei Kailuan Group initiated the establishment of Shanxi Guoyang New Energy Company, Shaanxi Coal Chemical Group, Shanghai Coking Co., Ltd., Russia's East Siberian Coal Company, Angang Steel, Beijing Railway Bureau, and Bank of China. Coal supply chain strategic alliances such as Tangshan branch. Zhu Peiyi, a representative of Shanghai Coking Chemical Company, once stated that coal logistics has always been very fragile and has long restricted the connection between supply and demand. The establishment of a coal supply chain strategic alliance is only the beginning to meet the individual needs of users and improve coal utilization efficiency. Jiang Yingzeng, director of the Coal Research Institute of China Coal Research Institute, pointed out that the improvement of coal utilization efficiency and the establishment of a coal supply chain system integrating production, purchase, coal blending, storage, and transportation are the general trend. The relevant person in charge of the Shanxi Coal Import and Export Group stated that simply speaking, vegetables are not as good as selling vegetables, and selling vegetables is not as good as opening a restaurant. By the same token, the Group's digital coal storage center, which is constructed in key transit ports and markets, is a processing plant. After matching coal, not only meet customer needs, but also add 20 yuan per ton of coal. In the view of Qian Pingfan, Shandong Energy Group's goal of building an integrated energy solution provider is also managing the coal supply chain. Qian Pingfan once participated in the design and planning of the coal logistics logistics park at the Luanchuanchuan North Station. The park is located on the Baoxi Railway Hantaichuan North Station. There are more than 20 small and medium-sized coal mines within a 15 km radius. Coal is transported by cars to closed storage yards, through underground passages to coal processing centers, broken, sieved, washed, etc., and then enters 10,000-ton silos, and enters the loading system according to the loading plan. The coal is transported out of the park after leveling and spraying dust suppression fluid or antifreeze. And this is all controlled by ICT. This is a production-type coal smart logistics park, there are other types of transit-type, consumer-type. "The ideal coal supply chain management is like a copier, but instead of selling copiers to customers, it's a photocopier placed here, and the customer needs to make a copy of one page of paper. The power plant must sign an agreement with the coal supplier and the coal price is transparent to the customer." For a ton of coal, how much service fees a coal supplier receives, rather than taking the difference, is similar to the nature of a real estate agent. Under normal circumstances, the market is relatively stable, based on the volume of transactions, said Qian Pingfan. In the coal consumption area, if there are several power plants around the coal smart logistics park, they can be sent to the coal mine two or three days in advance according to the needs of the power plant. In this way, the power plant does not have to save coal in advance, thereby alleviating the financial pressure and reducing the management costs. Qian Pingfan said that coal supply chain management is essentially a kind of service. This kind of service can be provided by coal companies and electric power companies, and can also be provided by middlemen and traders. Progress is still slow Railways must be separated from government and enterprises, set up the China Coal Circulation Association, accelerate the pace of reform of the power market system, upgrade the coal supply chain management to the height of the national strategy, and there are many tasks to be done. Although all parts of our country and companies have explored coal supply chain management, progress has been slow. "After coal supply chains are effectively connected, the efficiency of the coal market has increased and the cost of coal energy for the entire society has decreased," Qian said. At present, China's coal smart logistics park policy has lagged behind, and good parks have no capacity. Some coal has no capacity, some have no coal, and the coal supply chain cannot be connected. The overall social efficiency is relatively low. Qian Pingfan believes that the railway reform is very important and must be separated from the government. “When it comes to collecting money, it is an enterprise. When it is served, it becomes a government department. Coal transportation requires 'request the car' and 'request the car' is a very bad word.†Qian Pingfan said. Hu Hao believes that it is necessary to speed up the establishment of a socialized, professional, and information-based modern coal logistics service system and a nationwide coal emergency reserve system; give play to the basic role of the market in resource allocation, improve the railway coal transportation management system, and form a railway department set. Roads, stations, transportation, and ports will be coordinated in an integrated manner to achieve efficient convergence of all transportation links. Qian Pingfan said that China's coal circulation is too weak, and the most typical is that there is no professional association organization. Now that the coal supply chain is under control, many traders will turn into service providers. In the buyer’s market, from selling coarse grains to selling refined grains, to selling services, this is a challenge for coal companies. Qian Pingfan believes that relevant government departments should support domestic large-scale coal circulation enterprises to unite and establish the China Coal Circulation Association to become the promoter of the industry that manages the coal supply chain, and upgrade the coal supply chain management to the height of the national strategy. Qian Pingfan suggested that relevant government departments incorporate coal supply chain management into the national energy development program, and guide related parties to jointly implement the coal supply chain management strategy, establish the overall situation awareness, and transform coal and electricity contradictions into coal-electricity harmony. Policies should be formulated to facilitate the development of coal trading centers and coal smart logistics parks, leveraging the role of national reserve coal and railway transport capacity, encouraging the development of coal supply chain finance operations, and abolishing unreasonable policies that restrict the development of the coal distribution industry. At the same time, state-owned coal production enterprises and consumer enterprises should purchase and sell a certain percentage of coal at the relevant coal trading centers, implement “sunshine purchases and sales†of clean government projects, reduce the cost of coal purchases and sales, and build a global coal supply centered on the needs of coal users in China. Chain, focusing on reducing the unit purchase cost of coal users, realizing the low-cost and sustainable development of coal energy; accelerating the pace of reform of the power market system and eliminating institutional obstacles to the smoothness of the coal supply chain. Supply Chain Management There are many ways Build coal smart logistics parks, coal trading centers, and digital coal storage centers to build coal supply chain alliances and integrated energy solution providers. They are essentially managing the coal supply chain. Coal supply chain management appears to be virtual and far away. In fact, coal supply chain management is to optimize and manage the above four value streams and related activities in the coal supply chain. Among them, the management of commercial flows involves coal transactions, and the management of real logistics involves coal logistics and coal blending and processing. Coal supply chain management is divided into three categories: coal industry supply chain management, coal user supply chain management, coal smart logistics park, coal trading center, and coal user personalized service. Qian Pingfan explained that the management of a supply chain, the supply chain of a power plant, called the user supply chain management, this management is more personalized. However, the coal supply chain is not one, and many coal supply chains may be managed, which is called coal industry supply chain management. The coal trading center manages business flows and orders. Everyone at the coal trading center focused on checking orders and both A, B, and B can reach an agreement. After managing orders, you can also manage funds. The coal smart logistics park is visible and tangible. It manages real logistics. In the park, coal can be transported. The key is coal blending, and logistics plus coal blending constitutes physical logistics. The coal smart logistics park can also manage capital flow, information flow, and business flow based on the management of real logistics. “In the past, everyone was doing this, but it did not improve to the height of supply chain management. Now the construction of a coal logistics park and a coal trading center is essentially managing the coal supply chain,†Qian said. At present, there are more than 30 coal smart logistics parks in operation or under construction in China, of which the coal smart logistics park in Erdos Luenchuan North Station is in good condition; more than 20 coal trading centers are in operation or under construction, including Shaanxi Coal Trading Center and Shanxi China (Taiyuan) Coal Trading Center operated well. In addition, some companies represented by Tide Coal Network Co., Ltd. (hereinafter referred to as Ted Coal) are developing individualized services for coal users. On July 7, 2010, Ted Coal and Hebei Kailuan Group initiated the establishment of Shanxi Guoyang New Energy Company, Shaanxi Coal Chemical Group, Shanghai Coking Co., Ltd., Russia's East Siberian Coal Company, Angang Steel, Beijing Railway Bureau, and Bank of China. Coal supply chain strategic alliances such as Tangshan branch. Zhu Peiyi, a representative of Shanghai Coking Chemical Company, once stated that coal logistics has always been very fragile and has long restricted the connection between supply and demand. The establishment of a coal supply chain strategic alliance is only the beginning to meet the individual needs of users and improve coal utilization efficiency. Jiang Yingzeng, director of the Coal Research Institute of China Coal Research Institute, pointed out that the improvement of coal utilization efficiency and the establishment of a coal supply chain system integrating production, purchase, coal blending, storage, and transportation are the general trend. The relevant person in charge of the Shanxi Coal Import and Export Group stated that simply speaking, vegetables are not as good as selling vegetables, and selling vegetables is not as good as opening a restaurant. By the same token, the Group's digital coal storage center, which is constructed in key transit ports and markets, is a processing plant. After matching coal, not only meet customer needs, but also add 20 yuan per ton of coal. In the view of Qian Pingfan, Shandong Energy Group's goal of building an integrated energy solution provider is also managing the coal supply chain. Qian Pingfan once participated in the design and planning of the coal logistics logistics park at the Luanchuanchuan North Station. The park is located on the Baoxi Railway Hantaichuan North Station. There are more than 20 small and medium-sized coal mines within a 15 km radius. Coal is transported by cars to closed storage yards, through underground passages to coal processing centers, broken, sieved, washed, etc., and then enters 10,000-ton silos, and enters the loading system according to the loading plan. The coal is transported out of the park after leveling and spraying dust suppression fluid or antifreeze. And this is all controlled by ICT. This is a production-type coal smart logistics park, there are other types of transit-type, consumer-type. "The ideal coal supply chain management is like a copier, but instead of selling copiers to customers, it's a photocopier placed here, and the customer needs to make a copy of one page of paper. The power plant must sign an agreement with the coal supplier and the coal price is transparent to the customer." For a ton of coal, how much service fees a coal supplier receives, rather than taking the difference, is similar to the nature of a real estate agent. Under normal circumstances, the market is relatively stable, based on the volume of transactions, said Qian Pingfan. In the coal consumption area, if there are several power plants around the coal smart logistics park, they can be sent to the coal mine two or three days in advance according to the needs of the power plant. In this way, the power plant does not have to save coal in advance, thereby alleviating the financial pressure and reducing the management costs. Ordinary said that coal supply chain management is essentially a kind of service. This kind of service can be provided by coal companies and electric power companies, and can also be provided by middlemen and traders. Progress is still slow Railways must be separated from government and enterprises, set up the China Coal Circulation Association, accelerate the pace of reform of the power market system, upgrade the coal supply chain management to the height of the national strategy, and there are many tasks to be done. Although all parts of our country and companies have explored coal supply chain management, progress has been slow. "After coal supply chains are effectively connected, the efficiency of the coal market has increased and the cost of coal energy for the entire society has decreased," Qian said. At present, China's coal smart logistics park policy has lagged behind, and good parks have no capacity. Some coal has no capacity, some have no coal, and the coal supply chain cannot be connected. The overall social efficiency is relatively low. Qian Pingfan believes that the railway reform is very important and must be separated from the government. “When it comes to collecting money, it is an enterprise. When it is served, it becomes a government department. Coal transportation requires 'request the car' and 'request the car' is a very bad word.†Qian Pingfan said. Hu Hao believes that it is necessary to speed up the establishment of a socialized, professional, and information-based modern coal logistics service system and a nationwide coal emergency reserve system; give play to the basic role of the market in resource allocation, improve the railway coal transportation management system, and form a railway department set. Roads, stations, transportation, and ports will be coordinated in an integrated manner to achieve efficient convergence of all transportation links. Qian Pingfan said that China's coal circulation is too weak, and the most typical is that there is no professional association organization. Now that the coal supply chain is under control, many traders will turn into service providers. In the buyer’s market, from selling coarse grains to selling refined grains, to selling services, this is a challenge for coal companies. Qian Pingfan believes that relevant government departments should support domestic large-scale coal circulation enterprises to unite and establish the China Coal Circulation Association to become the promoter of the industry that manages the coal supply chain, and upgrade the coal supply chain management to the height of the national strategy. Qian Pingfan suggested that relevant government departments incorporate coal supply chain management into the national energy development program, and guide related parties to jointly implement the coal supply chain management strategy, establish the overall situation awareness, and transform coal and electricity contradictions into coal-electricity harmony. Policies should be formulated to facilitate the development of coal trading centers and coal smart logistics parks, leveraging the role of national reserve coal and railway transport capacity, encouraging the development of coal supply chain finance operations, and abolishing unreasonable policies that restrict the development of the coal distribution industry. At the same time, state-owned coal production enterprises and consumer enterprises should purchase and sell a certain percentage of coal at the relevant coal trading centers, implement “sunshine purchases and sales†of clean government projects, reduce the cost of coal purchases and sales, and build a global coal supply centered on the needs of coal users in China. Chain, focusing on reducing the unit purchase cost of coal users, realizing the low-cost and sustainable development of coal energy; accelerating the pace of reform of the power market system and eliminating institutional obstacles to the smoothness of the coal supply chain.
Collimating lenses are optical lenses that help to make parallel the light that enters your spectrometer setup. These lenses allow users to control the field of view, collection efficiency and spatial resolution of their setup, and to configure illumination and collection angles for sampling
collimator is a device that narrows a beam of particles or waves. To narrow can mean either to cause the directions of motion to become more aligned in a specific direction or to cause the spatial cross section of the beam to become smaller (beam limiting device).
The molding glass collimator lenses are mainly designed with aspherical surface and made by molding technology.
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