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Fertilization by drip irrigation system, on the one hand, because the soluble fertilizer is directly applied to the root zone of the crop with the drip irrigation water, there is no waste of fertilizer on the open space between the crops. On the other hand, drip irrigation is infiltrated into the root zone in the form of dripping water at a small flow rate, which is very easy to control. Water and fertilizer will not have deep laundering waste. The application of nitrogen by drip irrigation can achieve a fertilizer efficiency of 74%, while conventional casting does not exceed 30%.
A drawback of fertilization using a drip irrigation system is that it is possible to block the dripper. Fertilizers must be soluble, and insoluble fertilizers can quickly block the dripper. The chemical reaction between the fertilizer raw materials also produces precipitation. Over time, the sediment will block the drip irrigation system. The uniformity of fertilization depends on the uniformity of irrigation. If the uniformity of the drip irrigation system is high, the uniformity of fertilization is also high. Therefore, the uniformity of drip irrigation is a very important indicator, and the uniformity of drip irrigation should be improved by all means: 1. Fine design, irrigation system 2 Use pressure compensation dripper 3, install pressure regulator in the proper orientation of the pipeline
First, the solubility of fertilizer
Fertilization with drip irrigation systems requires careful study of the solubility of fertilizers. Insoluble, low solubility or highly reactive under certain conditions, the formation of precipitated fertilizers to avoid selection.
Most solid fertilizers are coated. In order to avoid clogging of the drip irrigation system, it is best to select a small amount of sample to be stirred in a dissolution tank and then observe the dissolution of the coating. If the coating material is precipitated to the bottom of the tank after dissolution, let the fertilizer applicator absorb the upper layer solution during application, and do not stir the entire fertilizer solution.
Urea, nitric acid, calcium nitrate, and potassium nitrate absorb heat in the water when dissolved, and the temperature of the water is greatly reduced. At this point, the amount of dissolution may not reach the required amount. In order to dissolve sufficiently, it is best to leave the solution for several hours. As the temperature rises, the remaining undissolved portion will gradually dissolve and then be injected into the system.
Before the injection, an observational test is performed to evaluate the possibility of clogging the dripper. Some fertilizers should be dissolved in the fertilizer for 1-2 hours to see if there is a precipitate formed and how much is precipitated. If it is dissolved in water for a few hours, the solution is still chaotic, which may block the drip irrigation system. If several kinds of fertilizers are applied at the same time, they should be sampled before being injected into the system, and placed in the observation tank at the same time to observe the dissolution after mixing, and then decide whether to inject at the same time.
Second, the drip irrigation system nitrogen application
Nitrogen fertilizer is the most applied fertilizer by drip irrigation system. Nitrogen fertilizers are generally water soluble and are very easy to apply to the root zone of crops as they are irrigated into the soil. However, if it is not properly controlled, it is easy to cause leaching loss. Since the drip irrigation flow rate is small (single dripper: 4-8 liters/hour), it is very easy to control the leaching loss. If irrigation is applied and fertilization is automatically controlled, the leaching loss can be completely avoided.
Among all nitrogen fertilizers, urea and nitrate are most suitable for drip fertigation. Because of the minimal risk of clogging with these two fertilizers, ammonia is generally not recommended for drip fertigation because ammonia increases the pH of the water. An increase in the pH causes calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus to precipitate in the irrigation water and block the dripper. Ammonium sulphate and calcium nitrate are water soluble, but there is also a risk of clogging.
If nitrogen is applied continuously and the irrigation system is shut down, there will still be nitrogen in the water for a long time. In this case, the presence of nitrogen will nourish the growth of microorganisms in the system and finally block the dripper.
Third, drip irrigation
Phosphorus is not as active in the soil as nitrogen. Generally, the loss of phosphorus volatilization and the loss of leaching are not more than nitrogen. Most crops require phosphorus early in their growth. Therefore, phosphate fertilizer should be applied before planting or when planting. In the production stage, if signs of phosphorus deficiency are found, injecting phosphate fertilizer into the irrigation water can also supplement the deficiency of phosphorus.
Injecting phosphate fertilizer may block the drip irrigation system. Due to the reaction of water with phosphate fertilizer, solid precipitation often occurs in the water, causing clogging. Most solid phosphate fertilizers cannot be injected into irrigation systems such as phosphorus ammonia due to their low solubility. Phosphate fertilizer such as ammonia monophosphate, potassium diphosphate triphosphate, phosphoric acid, phosphate, etc. is soluble.
Polyphosphorus ammonia is high in calcium and can often cause precipitation when injected into irrigation water, which may cause blockage. The precipitate formed is very difficult to dissolve, and when phosphorus or calcium ions are in the solution, a divalent or trivalent calcium phosphate is formed, and the solubility of this salt is very low. Similarly, phosphorus and magnesium form magnesium phosphate, which is insoluble in water, and easily blocks the drip irrigation system.
Phosphoric acid is sometimes injected into the drip irrigation system. In addition to applying phosphorus to crops, it also reduces the pH of the irrigation water and lowers the pH to avoid sediment formation. Lowering the pH avoids the formation of precipitates. The method of lowering the pH is also to add appropriate sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, and the pH can be reduced to less than 4.0. However, if the phosphate is injected for a long time, it will cause zinc deficiency in the crop. Generally, it is only injected when the combined concentration of calcium and magnesium in water is less than 50 ppm and the concentration of bicarbonate is less than 150 ppm.
Fourth, drip irrigation
Potassium fertilizer is soluble and injected into the drip irrigation system, which is very successful. A possible problem is that when the potash is mixed with other fertilizers in the fertilizer tank, there is a possibility of sedimentation, which blocks the drip irrigation system. Potash commonly used in drip fertigation: potassium chloride (KCI), potassium nitrate (KNO3). Potassium phosphate should not be injected into the drip irrigation system with low solubility.
5. Recommended fertilizer for drip fertigation
1. Ammonia nitrate solution (20-0-0) NH4NO3-H20
Citrus drip irrigation
2, urea + nitramine solution (32-0-0) (NH2) 22CO-NH4NO3
Be careful not to inject a piece of calcium nitrate, or to produce sediment.
3. Calcium nitrate (15.5-0-0-19N-PK-Ca) 5Ca (NO3)2-NH4-10H2O
4, phosphoric acid (0-54-0) H3P04
Never inject phosphoric acid with any calcium-containing fertilizer to avoid the formation of insoluble calcium phosphate and block the drip irrigation system.
5, potassium chloride (0-0-62) KCL
Because it is cheap and soluble in water, it is a potash commonly used for drip fertigation.
6, potassium nitrate (13-0-46) KNO3
Potassium nitrate is high in price, but no waste, both nitrogen and potassium, which is very beneficial for citrus production. Solubility is not as good as potassium chloride. However, it is more soluble than potassium sulfate.
7, potassium sulfate (0-0-52) K2SO4
One of the commonly used fertilizers for drip fertigation. Potassium sulfate is commonly used in place of potassium chloride in areas with high soil salinity. Its solubility is not as high as potassium chloride and potassium nitrate.
8, sulfuric acid H2PO4
Sulfuric acid is not a fertilizer. NPK-free is mainly used to control the pH when the water is rich in bicarbonate (can be reduced to 6.5-7.0).
9. Solid urea (46-0-0) or urea solution (23-0-0)
Note: Do not inject urea and sulfuric acid into one
Six, other matters needing attention
1. Injecting chemical fertilizer will cause corrosion to the filter and valve. After each fertilizer filling, it is necessary to add sufficient time to flush the whole system. No fertilizer solution should remain in the system. The fertiliser tank should be cleaned after each injection.
2. If a suction pump is used, the fertiliser tank is preferably equipped with a stirrer. The fertilizer should be stirred before each fertilizer injection and in the fertilizer to accelerate the dissolution.
3. Don't overdo it once. It is best to use a small amount of multiple application methods using drip fertigation. The application of excessive concentrations of fertilizer in the soil is detrimental to crop growth.
4. All fertilizers to be injected must be soluble. Also pay attention to the reaction between different fertilizers. The precipitate produced by the reaction may block the drip irrigation system. Nitrogen fertilizer rarely causes clogging. Phosphate fertilizer is very likely to cause blockages, so be careful. Injecting phosphoric acid is usually the safest. Commonly used potassium fertilizer can dissolve quickly, and generally does not contain clogging problems.
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Key points of drip irrigation and fertilization
Fertilization with drip irrigation system can provide conditions for precise fertilization, significantly improve fertilization and irrigation efficiency, reduce production costs, increase yield, quality, and ultimately improve economic efficiency. Drip fertigation technology has been widely promoted around the world and is very popular.
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