Field management measures for wheat and rape during wintering

Since the end of this autumn, the temperature in the whole province has been generally high, the rain and water are evenly distributed, the soil moisture is good, and the growth and transformation of wheat and rapeseed in the field are accelerated. By the beginning of the winter, the wheat seedlings have caught up with the same period last year, and the rapeseed seedlings are the best year in the same period in recent years. However, at present, the imbalance of wheat oil seedlings in the province is still outstanding, and the proportion of large and small seedlings is relatively high. The production should be carried out with measures such as controlling and promoting growth, preventing frost and protecting seedlings, and ensuring safe wintering of wheat and rapeseed in the field.

Pre-winter climatic conditions and impacts

1. The rainwater distribution is suitable and the rainfall is moderate, which is conducive to the growth and development of wheat and rapeseed. This year, the soil in all parts of the province is better. Since October, there have been more rainy days, but the rainfall is not large and the rainwater distribution is suitable. According to the provincial meteorological department, the average rainfall in the province from October to mid-December was 105.7 mm, which was slightly lower than that of normal years. Among them, the rainfall in the drought-prone areas of Huaibei was 118.2 mm, which was 32.6% more than normal. The rainfall in Suzhong was 111.6. Mm, slightly less than normal; rainfall in the south of the Yangtze River is 81.4 mm, which is 40.5% lower than normal. The continuous rain, wet (stain) damage that often occurs in Suzhong and Jiangnan rice buckwheat areas has not occurred, and it is a rare year of drought and dampness in the history of the province.

2. The abnormally high temperature in November is conducive to the transformation and upgrading of weak seedlings in late planting. From October to mid-December, the accumulated accumulated temperature of the province was 1014.4 °C, which was 95 °C higher than normal. The accumulated accumulated temperature in Huaibei, Suzhong and Jiangnan increased by 71 °C, 99 °C and 114 °C respectively. Among them, the temperature in November was abnormally high. The average daily temperature in the province was 13.8 °C, which was 3.6 °C higher than the normal period. It was a significantly higher range, the highest in the same period since 1961. In November, the accumulated accumulated temperature increased by 108 °C compared with normal year. The accumulated accumulated temperature in Huaibei, Suzhong and Jiangnan increased by 45 °C, 81 °C and 119 °C, respectively. According to the accumulated temperature required for each leaf growth (wheat 75 ° C, rapeseed 6 to 9 leaves 70 ° C, 10 to 13 leaves 55 ° C), theoretically, 0.6 to 1.6 leaves can be added, which is equivalent to making up for the delay of about 10 days. The period is conducive to the transformation and upgrading of late-season wheat and late-planting rapeseed, reducing the proportion of weak seedlings. At the same time, the proportion of Wang Chang Miao has also increased.

3. Since mid-December, the temperature has been low and the wintering period is advanced. After the end of November, due to the cold weather, the temperature began to drop significantly. Especially in mid-December, the average daily temperature is 1~2°C lower than normal. The whole city has a daily average temperature below 3°C from north to south. The growth of wheat oil has entered the wintering period, 5 years ahead of normal. Around day, it is beneficial to control the growth of Wangchang seedlings, but the threat of potential freezing damage to weak seedlings is greater.

Characteristics of wintering seedlings

1. The overall situation of wheat seedlings is better than that of the previous year, and the drought-frozen wheat is obviously better than the previous year. According to the statistics of the nursery statistics of each city during the winter season on December 20, the average wheat seedling per mu in the province was 234,000, which was 15,000 more than the previous year; the average leaf age was 4.4 leaves, 0.1 more than the previous year; the average stem per acre was 489,000, 55,000 more than the previous year. Among them, the average seedling per mu in Huaibei area is 249,000, which is more than 0.8 million more than the previous year; the average leaf age is 4.7 leaves, 0.2 more than the previous year; the average total stem per acre is 584,000, 75,000 more than the previous year. The average seedling per mu in the Suzhong area was 212,000, 32,000 more than the previous year; the average leaf age was 3.7 leaves, 0.1 more than the previous year; the average stem per acre was 340,000, 12,000 more than the previous year. In the southern part of the country, the average seedling per mu was 197,000, 20,000 more than the previous year; the average leaf age was 3.4 leaves, 0.1 more than the previous year; the average stem per acre was 272,000, 26,000 more than the previous year. Miaoqing queuing statistics, Wang Chang Miao accounted for 8.4%, 3.1 percentage points more than the previous year; one type of seedlings accounted for 35.8%, 5.5 percentage points more than the previous year; the second type of seedlings accounted for 36.5%, 6.6 percentage points lower than the previous year; The three types of seedlings accounted for 19.3%, a decrease of 2 percentage points from the previous year. Wang Chang Miao, Class I, Class II and Class III seedlings increased by 2.8 and 5 percentage points and decreased by 1.2 and 6.6 percentage points respectively compared with mid-November.

2. The seedling condition of rapeseed during the winter is obviously better than that of the previous year. According to the wintering survey on December 20, the average density of transplanted rapeseed in the province was 7,125 per mu, which was basically the same as that of the previous year; the average leaf age was 12.8 leaves, the green leaf number was 8.7, the plant height was 27.4 cm, and the root neck was 1.4 cm thick. The degree was 40.8 cm, which was 0.9 leaf, 1.3 sheets, 3.7 cm, 0.5 cm, and 5.4 cm, respectively, compared with the same period of the previous year. The average density of live rapeseed in the province was 18,100 per mu, up 0.227 million from the previous year; the average leaf age was 10.4 leaves, the green leaf number was 8.5, the plant height was 26.8 cm, the root neck was 0.8 cm thick, and the opening degree was 31.9 cm. In the same period of last year, it increased by 1.9 leaves, 1.7 sheets, 6.1 cm, 0.2 cm and 8.7 cm. According to the statistics of seedlings, the proportion of seedlings of Class I, Class II and Class III was 45.6%, 38.1% and 16.3%, respectively, which was 11.7, 2.9, or 8.8 percentage points lower than the same period of the previous year. The absolute area of ​​the three types of seedlings was 884,000 mu, which was 623,000 mu less than the previous year, a decrease of 41.5%. Compared with the previous year, the proportion of the three types of seedlings that have grown too much and prematurely twitched this year is higher.

Winter tube management measures

In view of the fact that the current wheat and rapeseed seedlings are generally better, but the ratio of the two seedlings (Wangchang Miao and the third type of seedlings) is relatively high, the field management measures in the wintering period should be centered on antifreeze and seedling protection, and the repression and clearing should be done carefully.墒, work due to seedlings and fertilizers to ensure that wheat and rapeseed are safe for winter.

Strengthening the suppression and coverage to strengthen the suppression and coverage of wheat is an important task of anti-freezing and seedling protection. The suppression should be carried out on the sunny days of cold-tailed warm heads and rising temperatures. In addition to suppressing the large leaf age and high population of the long seedlings, the wheat fields with large amount of straw returning are loose and easy to lose soil. The cold weather is particularly likely to cause wheat tillering and hanging roots. We must do everything possible to take mechanical or manual measures to properly suppress the field and improve the ability to protect against freezing. For the sapling live broadcast and paddy field wheat, the cover can be strengthened by adding soil fertilizer or covering the mud. Straw mulching also has the effect of increasing temperature, ensuring anti-freezing, and generally covering 150-200 kg of straw per acre. The sorghum transplanting rapeseed should be loosened and rooted to achieve the purpose of protecting the roots from heat preservation and freezing.

There are many rains in the province, especially in the Huainan area, which often causes continuous rainy weather, which is very likely to cause field waterlogging, which is an important obstacle to the high yield of wheat. Therefore, for the plots that are still not matched or have low supporting standards, it is necessary to make full use of the favorable opportunity to return to the countryside during the winter idle period and the Spring Festival, to clean up the internal and external three trenches, to ensure the smooth flow of the ditch, and to eliminate the hidden dangers of waterlogging. During the wintering period, prevent the continuous rainy winter and spring from causing serious waterlogging, and avoid freezing and thawing to increase the waterlogging and freezing damage.

Because of the seedlings and fertilizers, the first- and second-class wheat fields with suitable seeding, moderate seedlings, good foundation, normal growth, and relatively large populations do not need fertilization at present; for late-sowing late seedlings and fields with insufficient stems and stalks It can be used for 5 to 7.5 kilograms of urea per acre, and the combination of “fat promotion and work promotion” can promote the transformation and upgrading of the seedlings. For the weak seedlings and red-scarred rapeseed fields planted late in late planting, 5-7 kg of urea per acre is applied to promote the transformation of seedlings; for the local rapeseed which is yellowed by plants and thin and thin, the plant can apply a small amount of nitrogen fertilizer. Huangtang promotes balance; for rapeseed fields that have been over-extended and have been twitched, measures such as picking or main stem topping can be taken to control the growth, and fertilizer should be added early in the spring to prevent premature release. In case of heavy freezing injury, the injured fertilizer may be supplemented as appropriate to promote recovery.