Germanium Plano-Convex (PCX) Lenses feature precision diamond turned surfaces making them ideal for a variety of infrared applications, including thermal imaging, infrared spectroscopy, and remote sensing. Germanium (Ge) is popular for its high index of refraction, broad transmission range, and rugged mechanical properties. These lenses are available in 25 and 50mm diameters, uncoated, or with multiple broadband coating options.
Germanium (Ge) material feature high index of refraction (around 4.0 from 2 - 14μm), an anti-reflection coating is recommended on these germanium windows for sufficient transmission in the region of interest. Germanium is subject to thermal runaway, meaning that the transmission decreases as temperature increases. As such, these germanium windows should be used at temperatures below 100°C. Germanium`s high density (5.33 g/cm3) should be considered when designing for weight-sensitive systems.
Germanium windows specifications
Germanium Lens,Ge Infrared Aspheric Lens,Germanium Aspheric Lens,Germanium Infrared Lens China Star Optics Technology Co.,Ltd. , https://www.opticsrealpoo.com
Standard precision
High-precision
Dimension Tolerance
φ5-250mm+0/-0.2
φ3-350mm+0/-0.2
Thickness Tolerance
1-50mm+/-0.1
1-50mm
Parallelism
1 arc minute
10 arc seconds
Surface Quality
60/40
20/10
Flatness
N<λ/2@633nm(at 50mm)
N<λ/10@633nm(at 50mm)
Clear Aperture
>90%
>95%
Chamfer
Protected <0.5mmx45deg
Protected <0.5mmx45deg
IC card water meter with the technical requirements and selection method
The 21st century is entering the era of computer network and informationization. Information technology has been widely permeated into various fields of society and playing an increasingly important role. Since the 1990s, the IC card smart products in the construction industry have witnessed rapid development and gratifying achievements. IC card smart meter from its date of birth, has gone through nearly 10 years, continuous improvement of product technology, has been accepted by the majority of users and widely used in the construction industry, especially residential. However, due to the IC card smart meter technology has not yet reached a fully mature stage, the manufacturer's products in the technology, structure, technology difference is still large, the implementation of the standard is not uniform, especially as the control of the implementation of the valve components are many, such as Pilot valves, ball valves, ceramic valves, screw valves, solenoid valves, these valves vary in characteristics, product quality varies greatly, the choice should pay special attention. First, the valve in the IC card water meter should have the performance IC card water meter is a measurement and control functions as one of the water measuring instruments, as a measuring device it provides the number of water and charging basis; as a control device, it can achieve prepaid Function and accurate control of water supply. The valve is the executive terminal of its control device, high quality IC card water meter valve should have the following properties: 1, the valve switch should be flexible and reliable. Fight open, closed strict, accurate in place, and open, off the state should be stable. 2, according to national standards, the total length of the IC card water meter structure can not exceed the length of the same nominal diameter base table, so the valve should be small and compact. 3, the pressure loss should be as small as possible, small diameter IC card water meter its base table plus the total pressure loss valve should be less than 0.1MPa. 4, from the power requirements, the valve starting and running torque should be as small as possible. 5, the valve compressive strength should be up to 6MPa continued to pressure 115min (type test 2.0MPa for 1min) no leakage and no deformation of the valve body, damage. 6, valve sealing performance is good. Under 1.1PN, the sealing surface must not leak. 7, opening and closing speed as fast as possible, and no water hammer phenomenon. 8, according to CJ / T133 standards, the number of valve opening and closing should be more than 1,000 times this time the valve closed after the discharge can not exceed the standard requirements, the valve life should be more than 10 years. 9, the valve operating margin should be as large as possible, the pipeline pressure to 0.02Mpa its rated pressure, should be able to work properly. 10, the valve material used should be corrosion-resistant, and in line with drinking water sanitation. Second, the valve selection requirements 1, IC card water meter valve problems in our country IC card water meter put on the market for nearly 10 years, for the water industry from the traditional man-made fee management mode to prepaid management provides the material conditions to achieve The city safe, reliable, accurate and convenient water fee system. Therefore IC card water meter by tap water industry and users of all ages. However, this high-tech product development is not easy, many manufacturers see IC card water meter market is vast, lucrative, though not master the technology of this product, but hastily launched; some IC card water meter manufacturers driven by interest, do not pay attention to the product Quality, design did not fully consider the reliability of the product, the design requirements are not clear, the design is not enough; lax control of the production process, lack of testing, testing, resulting in low product quality, resulting in the market IC card water meter quality varies greatly. According to our market survey, the IC card water meter appears to occupy a larger proportion of the valve failure, the main failure of the internal leakage, can not open, can not get stuck or stuck, etc., which can not be opened, the closure is not very serious Failure, a direct impact on the user's use, so that the meter loses its most basic use of functions. 2, Selection of valve selection should be considered from the following aspects: 1, we must first fully understand the IC card water meter standard CJ / T133 on the valve performance, technical requirements, the selected valve is in line with these provisions. 2, whether the structural characteristics of the valve to meet user requirements, including potential requirements. 3, IC card meter manufacturers technical strength, development process, quality assurance system to investigate in detail the technical details of enterprise product development, is capable and seriously study and solve the shortcomings of the traditional valve, and continue to improve product performance and quality. 4, conduct market research to understand the use of products in their users. Third, the ball valve, pilot valve structural principle and technical characteristics of the comparative analysis 1, ball valve 1) Structure and Principle: At present, IC card water meter basically the same. The action principle is very simple. When the motor receives the controller instruction, it will decelerate through the decelerator when it starts up. Most of the ball valves adopted by the valve are motor-driven ball valves. The utility model is composed of a motor, a reducer, a valve stem, a ball body and a valve body. The ball body is driven to rotate by the movement of a common club. The ball is provided with a hole in the middle. When the hole is coaxial with the valve hole, the valve is fully opened. Turn the valve closed 900, to achieve the control of water flow off. 2) Advantages: The ball valve structure is simple, the action is not complicated, fewer parts, manufacturing easier, lower cost; pressure loss is small. 3) Disadvantages and problems to be solved A. Starting torque and working torque, motor operating current, generally in the range of 80 ~ 120mA. Resistance comes mainly from the sealing surface between the ball body and the valve body, and the sealing surface between the valve stem and the valve body. The resistance increases as the fluid pressure in the pipe increases. As the motor starting current, pressure drop is also great, will result in serious SCM crashes. B. switch valve for a long time: Manufacturers to improve the motor load torque, often used to improve the speed reducer ratio, which also resulted in longer switching valve time, increased power consumption. C. Leakage Prevention: The seal between the spherical surface and the valve body is worn due to the rotation of the ball body when the valve is opened and closed, which results in the internal venting and the non-tightness of the valve. The dynamic seal between the valve rod and the valve body leaks due to the rotating wear. D. Valve malfunction, stuck: After the seal between the spherical surface and body wear, the gap between the two increases, when the water impurities and scale will ball stuck, resulting in the valve closed, can not open. 2, the pilot-operated valve 1) Structure and Principle: The current structure of the pilot-operated valve widely used in IC card water meter industry is divided into pilot piston type, pilot type bellows type and pilot type. Drive on the use of more DC micro-motor drive, this valve we call it motor-driven pilot-off valve (hereinafter referred to as the pilot valve). The pilot valve consists of the main valve, pilot valve, motor, reducer, spool and other components, the pilot valve is the use of the valve inlet and outlet pressure differential through the pilot valve to control the main valve to switch the action. The following uses a diaphragm as a pilot pressure valve to illustrate how it works. The valve divides the main valve into three pressure zones A, B and C by the valve disc, the valve seat, the membrane and the lid, and changes the pressure difference between the three zones A, B and C by controlling the pilot valve to control the main valve Valve reliable, smooth open and close. Open the valve: open the pilot valve 2, close the pilot valve 1, the water in the valve C area through the discharge pipe into the B zone, C zone pressure and B zone equal, A zone inlet pressure is much higher than the C zone, The pressure, so that the spool up the valve open. Close the valve: open the pilot valve 1, close the pilot valve 2, the valve inlet A area of ​​the water into the C area through the drainage tube, so that the pressure in Area C and A area equal to the diaphragm force area greater than the seat area, Move down until the valve is closed. 2) Advantages: A. The main driving force for valve opening and closing comes from the pressure of the medium in the pipeline. Therefore, the starting torque and working torque needed for valve opening and closing are very small, similar to the principle of transistor amplification or lever. B. The clapper is a rubber, which is a soft seal, leaving a certain pressure, so good sealing, reliable switch, drip leakage, and long service life. C. Power-saving province, is conducive to battery-powered, or even hundreds of mm nominal diameter of large-diameter valves, a 3.6V lithium battery can make it work properly. 3) Disadvantages: A. pilot hole smaller, easy to plug. B. Complex structure. C. Cost slightly higher. Fourth, the improved pilot-type valve 1, the pilot hole plugging problem: This problem is the application of pilot-oriented users are most concerned about the problem, we take three techniques to be resolved, one in the guide hole upstream installation of filters, filters filter Hole smaller than the pilot valve drainage hole, which can filter out particulate impurities and scale in water, etc .; second, anti-fouling materials are used to make the drainage hole device; third, the drainage hole is designed to flush the drainage hole in the valve and solve the pilot through the above design Hole blocked problem. Years of market application survey, there is no reason for the pilot hole on the core of the diaphragm, so when the valve switch action caused by the valve failure problems. 2, the diaphragm as a sensitive element, to solve the piston gap, easy to debris and scale stuck and small pressure does not move the problem. 3, using motor-driven approach, the valve running smoothly and reliably. Self-designed low-power, high torque motor, the working current is small, anti-interference ability. 4, the use of magnetic force, hydraulic combination of technology, the valve pressure difference can be zero at the same time, through the magnetic switch valve alone, because of its non-contact by magnetic transmission, there is no moving shaft seal, completely solve the problem of valve leakage, and The valve waterway and electrical control part of the complete isolation, to ensure the safe operation of the control circuit. 5, the selection of a good oxidation resistance of magnet: After years of exploration and a large number of tests, we choose good oxidation resistance of samarium cobalt and ferrite magnets as valve sampling magnet and drive magnet. And the choice of the B value of the magnet to consider the temperature characteristics and gradually reduce the problem over time, the optimized design so that it can make IC card water meter reliable