Benzoic acid has been registered as a feed additive for weaned piglets and growing fattening pigs in the European Union for many years. After entering the body, benzoic acid combines with glycine in the liver to form hippuric acid, which is then excreted in the urine. Due to its special metabolism, the addition of benzoic acid to the diet can effectively reduce the urine pH of pigs. It is generally believed that lower urine pH helps prevent urinary tract infections and endometritis and may be beneficial to the reproductive performance of the body. Lower urine pH can also reduce nitrogen emissions from semi-liquid feces. Adding benzoic acid to the diet of piglets and growing fattening pigs can effectively adjust the intestinal micro-ecological balance and promote growth. However, benzoic acid has been less studied in sow diets. The authors have found two recent articles, published in 2010 and 2016 respectively. Literature 1: Effects of dietary benzoic acid on urinary pH and nutrient digestibility of lactating sows (Effects of dietary benzoic acid on urinary pH and nutrient digestibility in lactating sows 2010) Abstract: Two trials evaluated the effect of benzoic acid in the diet of lactating sows on urethral pH and nutrient digestibility. Test 1: The levels of benzoic acid in the four diets were 0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, and 2.0%, respectively. In test 2, the benzoic acid addition level was 0.5%. Test 2 additionally measured the content of benzoic acid and hippuric acid in the urine of the sow. Test 1 detected the digestibility and used hydrochloric acid insolubles as a marker. Trial 2 collected urine and feces for 5 consecutive days in the total equilibrium phase. The addition of benzoic acid caused a significant dose-decreasing trend in the pH of the urinary tract of lactating sows. There was a linear correlation between the intake of benzoic acid and the pH response of lactating sows. 2% benzoic acid increases the digestibility of sows on organic matter, protein, fat and fiber. 0.5% benzoic acid was added, and 64% of the ingested benzoic acid was excreted in the urine as horse uric acid, and the remainder was benzoic acid without metabolism. Discussion: The addition of 2% benzoic acid reduced the feed intake of lactating sows by 0.9 kg/d compared to the control group. Mroz et al. (2000) reported that the addition of 2.4% calcium benzoate had no effect on the feed intake of growing pigs. This suggests that sows are more sensitive to benzoic acid. Adding 1% benzoic acid can lower the sow's urine pH by one unit. Buhler et al. (2006) reported similar results for finishing pigs. It was further shown that the addition of only 0.5% benzoic acid resulted in a significant decrease in the urine pH of the sow. Bridges et al. (1970) reported that benzoic acid was ingested at 50 mg/kg body weight, 85% was excreted in the form of hippuric acid, and the remaining 15% remained benzoic acid. In this test, when the concentration of benzoic acid in the diet was 5 g/kg, about 2/3 of the benzoic acid was excreted in the form of hippuric acid, and about 1/3 was not involved in metabolism. A sow was found in the test and the ingested benzoic acid was all excreted in the form of benzoic acid in the urine. It is possible that this sow liver has problems with the benzoic acid metabolic pathway. Compared with the control group, the addition of 2% benzoic acid can significantly increase the digestibility of organic matter, protein, fat and fiber in lactating sows, which may benefit from the balance of benzoic acid on the intestinal microbes of sows, and may also be related to feeding. The amount of decline is related. Interestingly, in both trials, even a 0.5% increase in benzoic acid caused a change in the digestibility of lactating sows. However, these effects were rare and were not significantly different from the control group. Conclusion: The addition of 0.5% benzoic acid to the lactating sow diet is effective in reducing the pH of the sow's urine. Even if benzoic acid is not added to the sow diet, the basic excretion of hippuric acid and benzoic acid is also present in the urine of the sow. Benzoic acid was added to the sow diet, and the excretion of hippuric acid and benzoic acid in the urine was equivalent to the intake of benzoic acid. The addition of high doses of benzoic acid (2%) reduced feed intake in lactating sows but increased nutrient digestibility. The addition of low doses of benzoic acid (0.5%) had no effect on feed intake in lactating sows. Literature 2: Effects of adding benzoic acid on sow production performance, gastric ulcers, and bone parameters of sows receiving graded dietary inclusion of benzoic acid 2016 Abstract: To evaluate the possible negative effects of benzoic acid on pregnant and lactating sows, 48 ​​sows were used. The levels of benzoic acid in the four diets were 0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, and 2.0%, respectively. The test period was insemination to weaning. . In addition to recording production performance, blood samples were collected after weaning for blood index, enzyme activity, and mineral content. The sows were slaughtered after weaning, and the stomach and metacarpal bones were collected for the detection of gastric ulcer and bone parameters. The addition of benzoic acid had no effect on feed intake in sows. However, 2.0% benzoic acid significantly increased the weight loss of the sow during lactation, which significantly reduced the weight and backfat of the sow during weaning. The addition of benzoic acid had no effect on the performance of sows, growth performance of piglets, bone parameters, blood parameters, enzyme activity, and incidence of gastric ulcer. 2.0% benzoic acid significantly reduced the phosphorus concentration in sow serum. In summary, the addition of less than 2% benzoic acid to the sow diet for a longer period of time has no negative impact on the performance and welfare of the sows and piglets. Discussion: Other literature has reported that high doses of benzoic acid can cause an increase in serum phosphorus levels in sows. However, in this test, the increase in serum phosphorus levels was observed only at the 0.5% addition level, while the serum phosphorus level was significantly reduced when 2% was added. Sauer et al. (2009) reported that adding 2.0% benzoic acid to growing pig diets for 21 days increased phosphorus levels in growing pig plasma. The long-term high dose of benzoic acid can increase the expression of carbonic anhydrase-stimulated renal tubules. This conclusion is still controversial. However, this seems to exist only when the amount of benzoic acid additive is higher than 1.0%, because other long-term low doses of benzoic acid have no effect on the concentration of phosphorus and calcium in the blood, such as the 0.5% addition level of Buhler et al. (2010). Norgaard et al. (2014) added a level of 1%. The levels of phosphorus and calcium in the serum do not fully explain the bone mineral content of the body, which is consistent with the results of this test. The addition of benzoic acid in this experiment had no effect on the weight of the metacarpal, calcium and phosphorus, and calcium to phosphorus ratio of the sow. Buhler et al. (2010) reported that in the low-phosphorus diet of growing and finishing pigs, the addition of benzoic acid reduced the stability of the metacarpal bone of pigs. The addition of benzoic acid had no negative effect on the stomach of the sow. Conclusion: Long-term addition of less than 2% benzoic acid has no negative impact on the performance and welfare of sows and piglets. Full text summary: The addition of 0.5% benzoic acid to the lactating sow diet can effectively reduce the urine pH of the sow and has no effect on the feed intake. Adding 2% benzoic acid reduces the feed intake of the sow, but increases the digestibility of nutrients. In the insemination and weaning stage, the addition of 2% benzoic acid to the sow diet significantly reduced the level of phosphorus in the blood, but had no effect on the weight of the metacarpal bone, calcium and phosphorus, and the ratio of calcium to phosphorus in the sow; adding benzoic acid to the sow production Performance, pig growth performance has no effect. Adding more than 2% benzoic acid may have a negative effect.
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