Occupational disease prevention and management knowledge

1. What are the duties of government departments in the prevention and control of occupational diseases?

Safeguarding the legitimate rights and interests of laborers and employers is the basic responsibility of government departments. In the prevention and control of occupational diseases, the specific responsibilities of governments and functional departments at all levels are different: The Ministry of Health is responsible for the supervision and management of occupational disease prevention and smelting throughout the country, and formulates and promulgates occupational control regulations and occupational health standards; local people's governments at and above the county level The health administrative department is responsible for the daily work of the supervision and management of occupational diseases within the administrative area. The State Council and local people's governments at or above the county level are responsible for formulating plans for the prevention and control of occupational diseases and organizing the implementation of them; township and township people's governments are responsible for implementing the Law on the Prevention and Treatment of Occupational Diseases and supporting the health administrative departments to perform their duties according to law. The labor and social security administrative department is responsible for the supervision and management of industrial injury insurance, and relevant government departments at all levels are responsible for the management of occupational disease prevention and control within their respective scope of responsibility.

2. What is occupational health?

Occupational health is a preventive medical science that studies the influence of labor conditions on the health of workers, and studies on improving working conditions and preventing occupational diseases. Only by creating reasonable working conditions can all people engaged in labor stay healthy in their physical, spiritual, and social adaptation. Only the prevention of occupational diseases and occupation-related diseases can reduce the incidence of sickness injuries and increase labor productivity.

3. How to prevent early stage occupational diseases?

The Occupational Disease Prevention Law, based on summarizing the implementation experience of regulations in China since the early 1950s, draws on international practices, and may lead to the creation, reconstruction, and expansion of occupational hazards and reconstruction projects, technological transformation, and technology import projects. The "source" implementation management (collectively referred to as the construction project) stipulates the pre-evaluation system:

(1) At the stage of feasibility study of construction project, the construction unit shall make pre-evaluation of occupational hazards on possible occupational hazards and their impact on workplaces and personnel, and be reviewed by the health administrative department.
(2) Occupational health protection facilities for a construction project shall be designed, constructed, and operated or used at the same time as the main project; the construction unit shall carry out the construction before acceptance. Occupational hazard control effect evaluation.
This provision is mainly to avoid blindly starting projects that do not meet the health requirements, and then to take the old road after the first harm, from the source control, to fundamentally control or eliminate occupational hazards.

4. How to protect and manage the occupational hazards in the labor process?

Prevention of occupational diseases, employing units is the key. Employers shall adopt effective prevention and control measures to establish and build all relevant systems. Regarding the protection and management of the labor process, the Occupational Disease Prevention Law made the following specific provisions:

(1) In order to protect the health of workers, to strengthen the prevention and control of occupational diseases caused by major occupational hazards such as toxic and hazardous substances and radiation, it is necessary to carry out management of workplaces that are different from general occupational hazards for workplaces with special occupational hazards. to this end. Regulations: In the case of toxic and hazardous workplaces where acute occupational injuries may occur, the employer shall set up alarm devices, configure on-site first-aid supplies, washing equipment, emergency evacuation channels, and necessary evacuation zones; and transport radioactive workplaces and radioactive isotopes. For storage, the employer shall configure protective equipment and alarm devices to ensure that workers who are exposed to radiation wear personal dosimeters.
(2) In order to ensure that employers have timely knowledge of the occupational hazards and occupational health of the unit and take timely improvement measures to protect the health of workers, it is stipulated that: (1) The employing unit shall carry out the routine monitoring of occupational hazards that are responsible for the special person and ensure the monitoring system. In normal condition. 2 Employers shall regularly conduct occupational hazard detection and evaluation at the workplace. 3 If occupational hazards in the workplace do not meet the national occupational health standards and hygiene requirements, occupational hazards should be immediately stopped and corresponding remedial measures should be taken; occupational hazards can only be restarted after meeting national occupational health standards and hygiene requirements. .
(3) For some small and medium-sized enterprises in the production process to use certain equipment that produces occupational hazards, hazardous chemicals, radioactive isotopes, radioactive materials, and raw materials, without warning signs Chinese warning instructions, no instructions or no Chinese instructions, laborers Where there is no awareness of lack of awareness of prevention and health damage, it is stipulated that if production, operation, or import of equipment, hazardous chemicals, radioactive isotopes, or raw materials containing radioactive substances that may cause employee hazards, Chinese instructions should be provided. The instructions should specify the occupational health protection, emergency treatment and other measures related to occupational hazards, and indicate the warning signs and Chinese warning instructions in prominent places.
(4) Restrictions on the transfer of occupational hazards during economic activities and restrictions on the transfer of occupational hazards; no unit or individual may transfer occupational hazards to occupations that do not have occupational health protection Units and individuals. Units and individuals that do not have occupational health protection conditions may not accept jobs that cause occupational hazards.
(5) For some employers to hide the facts of occupational hazards in the workplace, do not inform workers of the harm to the truth, do not provide effective occupational health protection conditions for workers engaged in harmful operations, resulting in occupational hazards, the provisions of: 1 to generate occupations The employer of the hazard shall set up a bulletin board in a conspicuous position to publish the matters related to the prevention and treatment of occupational diseases; 2 The employer shall set up a warning sign and Chinese warning instructions in the conspicuous position of the occupational post that produces serious occupational hazards; 3 When a laborer enters into an employment contract (including an employment contract), he should write down the danger of occupational hazards that may exist in the contract. When a worker changes jobs or changes the job content and engages in an occupational hazard risk operation that has not been previously notified in the contract, the employing unit shall inform the laborer about occupational hazards, occupational health protection measures and treatment, and negotiate changes to the original labor contract. Related Terms.
(6) In order to prevent employers from arranging occupational taboo workers from engaging in taboos, to achieve early detection, early diagnosis, early treatment of occupational health damage and occupational disease patients, and through the establishment of employee health records, to clarify the occupation of workers History and Occupational Hazard Exposure provides the basis for touching the health of the workers, guiding the workers to choose their profession, and resolving disputes. It states that: 1 The employer should organize workers who are exposed to occupational hazards to work before, during, and when they leave the job. Occupational health check. 2 Employers must not arrange for workers who have not been subjected to pre-employment occupational health examinations to engage in occupational hazards; they must not arrange occupational contraindications for workers to engage in work for which they are contraindicated; and discover what they do and do during regular occupational health examinations. Workers with occupational-related health injuries shall be removed from their original job positions and properly resettled; they shall not be relieved or terminated of employment contracts with laborers who have not performed pre-employment occupational health examinations. 3 Employers shall establish a file of occupational health surveillance for workers and keep them in accordance with the prescribed time limit.

In addition, the right to occupational health protection, the obligations to perform, and the status and role of the trade union organizations in the prevention and treatment of occupational diseases are regulated accordingly.

5. What are the contents of the occupational disease reporting system?

When employing units and medical and health institutions find patients with occupational diseases or suspected occupational diseases, they shall promptly report to the local administrative department of health. Where an occupational disease is diagnosed, the employing unit shall also report to the local labor security administrative department. After receiving the report, the health administrative department and labor security administrative department shall handle the matter according to law. Specific requirements are:

After diagnosis of occupational diseases, an Occupational Disease Report Card should be completed and reported to the local health supervision agency (laboratory occupational disease prevention and treatment center, or the health and epidemic prevention station). Acute occupational poisoning should be reported by the medical institution within 24 hours; chronic occupational poisoning should be reported within 1 month. In the case of acute deaths or the occurrence of more than three cases of collective poisoning, in addition to issuing occupational disease report cards, they should immediately report to local health supervision agencies; the latter should immediately go to the scene to conduct investigations and fill in the “Occupational Diseases Labor Hygiene Questionnaire”. Cooperate with the labor and social security department, trade union organizations, factories, mines, and competent authorities to analyze the causes of acute occupational diseases and submit the findings and opinions to the local health labor administrative department, the competent department of enterprises, and trade union organizations, and submit them to the next level of health supervision. mechanism.

Occupational disease reports are part of the national statistical work. The personnel of each reporting unit must adopt the concept of legislating, and must not falsely report, miss reports, refusal to report, postponed, forge, or falsify. Any individual may not interfere with occupational disease reporters to perform tasks under any pretext.

6. What are the occupational health protection rights enjoyed by workers?

Workers have the right to occupational health protection according to law. Specific rights are as follows:
(1) Enjoy education and training rights, obtain occupational health education and training according to law.
(2) Enjoy the right to health services, and get professional occupational health check, occupational disease diagnosis and treatment, rehabilitation and other occupational disease prevention services.
(3) Enjoy the right to know and have the right to know the occupational hazards, harm levels, harmful consequences, protective measures and related treatment that are generated or may occur in the workplace.
(4) Enjoy the right to health protection, and have the right to require employers to provide occupational disease prevention facilities that meet the requirements for preventing occupational diseases and personal protective equipment used by individuals to improve working conditions.
(5) Enjoy the right to criticize, report, report, and criticize, report, and sue violations of the laws, regulations, and life-threatening behaviors that violate the prevention and treatment of occupational diseases.
(6) Enjoy the operation of refusal of illegal operation, the right to refuse illegal command and the order of carrying out occupational disease prevention measures.
(7) Enjoy the right to participate in decision-making, participate in the democratic management of employers' occupational health work, and put forward opinions and suggestions on occupational disease prevention and control work.
(8) Enjoy the right to work-related social insurance.
(9) Enjoy the right to compensation and have the right to claim compensation for the health damage caused by occupational hazards.
(10) Enjoy the special right of protection. Workers under special physical or pathological conditions of underage workers or women workers enjoy special occupational health protection according to law.

Workers find themselves infringed upon their right to occupational health protection and must take legal weapons to protect their legitimate rights and interests.

The Occupational Disease Prevention Law also stipulates that employers should guarantee that workers exercise their right to occupational health protection, and that they must not lower their wages, benefits, etc., or terminate or terminate labor contracts with them because the workers exercise their legitimate rights in accordance with the law.

7. What are the obligations of employers in the prevention and treatment of occupational diseases?

(1) Health Protection Obligations. Employers shall adopt effective occupational disease hazard protection measures to provide workers with work, places, environments and conditions that meet the national occupational health standards and hygiene requirements.
(2) Occupational health management obligations. Employers shall establish and improve the responsibility system for prevention and control of occupational diseases, occupational health management organizations and occupational health management systems.
(3) Social Insurance Obligations. Employers shall participate in work-related injury social insurance according to law.
(4) Reporting obligations. The employing unit shall timely and truthfully report to the administrative department of public health the detection and evaluation results of occupational hazards, occupational hazards and occupational hazards.
(5) Health protection obligations. Employers must adopt effective occupational disease prevention facilities and provide workers with personal protective equipment for occupational diseases.
(6) Reducing occupational hazards obligations. Employers should adopt new technologies, new processes, and new materials that are conducive to the prevention and treatment of occupational diseases and protect the health of workers, and gradually replace the technologies, processes, and materials with serious occupational hazards.
(7) Occupational hazard detection obligations. Employers shall regularly conduct occupational hazard detection and evaluation at workplaces.
(8) Do not transfer occupational hazards obligations. Employers may not transfer operations that cause occupational hazards to units or individuals that do not have occupational disease protection conditions.
(9) Obligation of occupational hazards. Employers' use of technologies, processes, and materials. It should be aware of the occupational disease hazards it produces and must not conceal its hazards. It should also inform laborers through contracts, setting up bulletin boards, warning signs and providing instructions.
(10) Training and education obligations. Employers shall provide occupational health training and education for workers before and during their employment.
(11) Health Guardianship Obligations. The employing unit shall organize the workers who engage in occupational disease hazards to carry out occupational health examinations before, during, and after leaving the post.
(12) Obligation to implement occupational diseases or suspected occupational diseases. The employing unit shall timely organize the medical treatment for the workers who have suffered or may be exposed to the hazard of acute occupational diseases; arrange for the timely diagnosis of suspected occupational diseases to be diagnosed; be responsible for the diagnosis, treatment, rehabilitation and placement of the occupational disease patients, and compensate according to law; Workers exposed to occupational hazards shall be given appropriate post allowances; workers with occupational taboos or occupational health impairments shall be properly placed.
(13) Accident handling obligations. Occasionally, or when there may be an accident of acute occupational disease, the employer shall immediately take emergency rescue and control measures.
(14) Special labor protection obligations. The employing unit shall not arrange the minor workers to engage in the occupational disease hazards; the pregnant women and breastfeeding women workers shall not be allowed to engage in operations that are harmful to themselves, the fetus and the baby.
(15) The burden of proof. When a laborer applies for identification of an occupational disease, the employer shall truthfully provide information on occupational health and health monitoring required for the diagnosis of occupational diseases.
(16) The obligation to accept administrative supervision and democratic management.
(17) Other obligations stipulated by laws and regulations to protect the rights of workers.

8. Prevention of occupational diseases. What are the obligations of the laborer?

In the prevention and control of occupational diseases, in addition to employers performing their due obligations, workers are also responsible for fulfilling the following obligations:

(1) Learn and master related occupational health knowledge.
(2) Obey the occupational disease prevention laws, regulations, rules and operating procedures.
(3) Correct use of occupational disease prevention equipment and personal use of occupational disease prevention supplies.
(4) Find out hidden dangers of occupational hazards in a timely manner.

9. What are the characteristics of occupational diseases?

1 The etiology is clear, and the cause is occupational harmful factors. If occupational harmful factors are eliminated or controlled, occupational diseases can be prevented or reduced;
2 Most of the causes of the exposure are chemical or physical factors, and usually the exposure can be detected, and the exposure exceeds a certain limit to make people sick;
3 In the crowd exposed to the same occupational harmful factors, there are often a certain number of people who have the disease, and very few of them have individual patients.
4 Early detection, reasonable treatment is easier to recover, and the later it is discovered, the worse the effect is, and many occupational diseases do not currently have specific treatment methods.

10. What is the significance of professional medical examination?

Occupational physical examination is targeted at the physical examination of employees exposed to occupational harmful factors. Occupational physical examination includes pre-employment medical examination and regular medical examination after employment. The pre-employment medical examination refers to the physical examination performed by employees before they engage in harmful operations (including prior to the assignment of the relevant types of work). Occupational contraindications can be found through physical examination, and basic data for reference comparisons can also be provided for future regular medical examinations. Regular medical check-up after employment is to experience the harmful workers at regular intervals. Through regular medical examinations, occupational-disease patients and suspicious occupational patients (observed objects) can be found early, so that timely treatment can be carried out.

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